Technology The End Of Mankind :: essays research papers

Technology The End of MankindTECHNOLOGYThe forgiving race is slowly, but surely, contributing to its own demise. This sub-conscious suicide is being carried verboten in more than 1 way, but the approximately apparent one is technology. Technology is advancing at a pace so rapid that it allow eventually hold up to the self-extinction of the human race.The most current and pressing issue that falls into this category is the infamous Y2K bug. This is the virus that is going to cause every calculator in operation to go haywire when the year 2000 comes around. Some of the things will be effected by this are personal computers, ATMs, air dealing control and street and avocation lights. Even if none of these theories pan break through, the hype alone that is being created by the media is predicted to cause enough chaos and pandemonium by itself. In a late survey, it was proven that over 50% of the American people are afraid of the bug and what it will do. If this matter is not communicate soon it will be responsible for many casualties.Another branch of technology that has caused casualties in the past and is bound to cause many more in the future is weapons. The weapon that has had the most impact is the gun. It has killed millions, not only(prenominal) in wars, but in everyday life as well. In addition, there is the nuclear bomb that killed thousands at Hiroshima. more than recently there is the nuclear missile that is capable of wiping out an entire major city. Moreover, there are many inventions that make water been built with the intent to remediate life only to repeatedly take it away from people. Some such inventions are cars, planes and nuclear power plants. Something must be done to hinder the increase of technology in these areas before we are all dead.Lastly, technology is the biggest source of pollution. This pollution poses the largest threat of all to the world. Not only will it eventually lead to a genocide of the entire human race, bu t it is destroying everything else on the planet. The increase in the population has compounded this effect star to more cars on the path and more waste, hence, more pollution. If pollution keeps up at this rate something bad is going to happen. Everyone will die of either cancer, delinquent to holes in the ozone, starvation, because all of the animals were wiped out by pollution, or some other illness obtained from contaminated food and water.Technology The End Of Mankind essays research papers Technology The End of MankindTECHNOLOGYThe human race is slowly, but surely, contributing to its own demise. This sub-conscious suicide is being carried out in more than one way, but the most apparent one is technology. Technology is advancing at a pace so rapid that it will eventually lead to the self-extinction of the human race.The most current and pressing issue that falls into this category is the infamous Y2K bug. This is the virus that is going to cause every computer in operat ion to go haywire when the year 2000 comes around. Some of the things will be effected by this are personal computers, ATMs, air traffic control and street and traffic lights. Even if none of these theories pan out, the hype alone that is being created by the media is predicted to cause enough chaos and pandemonium by itself. In a recent survey, it was proven that over 50% of the American people are afraid of the bug and what it will do. If this matter is not addressed soon it will be responsible for many casualties.Another branch of technology that has caused casualties in the past and is bound to cause many more in the future is weapons. The weapon that has had the most impact is the gun. It has killed millions, not only in wars, but in everyday life as well. In addition, there is the atomic bomb that killed thousands at Hiroshima. More recently there is the nuclear missile that is capable of wiping out an entire major city. Moreover, there are many inventions that have been built with the intent to improve life only to repeatedly take it away from people. Some such inventions are cars, planes and nuclear power plants. Something must be done to hinder the advancement of technology in these areas before we are all dead.Lastly, technology is the biggest source of pollution. This pollution poses the largest threat of all to the world. Not only will it eventually lead to a genocide of the entire human race, but it is destroying everything else on the planet. The increase in the population has compounded this effect leading to more cars on the road and more waste, hence, more pollution. If pollution keeps up at this rate something bad is going to happen. Everyone will die of either cancer, due to holes in the ozone, starvation, because all of the animals were wiped out by pollution, or some other illness obtained from contaminated food and water.

Thomas Edison Essay -- Thomas Edison Inventor Biography Essays

Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison - born February 11, 1847, Milan, Ohio, U.S. d. Oct. 18, 1931, West Orange, N.J. American spotter who, singly or jointly, held a world record 1,093 patents. In addition, he created the worlds first industrial research laboratory. Edison was the quintessential American inventor in the sequence of Yankee ingenuity. He began his career in 1863, in the adolescence of the telegraph industry, when virtually the only source of electricity was primitive batteries putting out a low-voltage current.Before he died, in 1931, he had played a critical role in introducing the modern age of electricity. From his laboratories and workshops emanated the phonograph, the carbon- exceptton transmitter for the telephone speaker and microphone, the incandescent lamp, a revolutionary generator of unprecedented efficiency, the first commercial electric light and power system, an experimental electric railroad, and key elements of motion-picture apparatus, as well as a host o f other inventions. Edison was the seventh and last child--the fourth surviving--of Samuel Edison, Jr., and Nancy Elliot Edison. At an early age he developed hearing problems, which have been variously attributed but were most likely due to a familial tendency to mastoiditis. Whatever the cause, Edisons deafness strongly influenced his behaviour and career, providing the motivation for many of his inventions. Early years In 1854 Samuel Edison became the lighthouse keeper and carpenter on the Fort Gratiot military post near Port Huron, Mich., where the family lived in a substantial home. Alva, as the inventor was cognise until his second marriage, entered school there and attended sporadically for five years. He was imaginative and inquisitive, but because much instruction was by rote and he had bar hearing, he was bored and was labeled a misfit. To compensate, he became an avid and omnivorous reader. Edisons lack of formal schooling was not unusual. At the time of the Civil strug gle the average American had attended school a total of 434 days--little more than two years schooling by todays standards. In 1859 Edison quit school and began working as a trainboy on the railroad between Detroit and Port Huron. Four years earlier, the Michigan Central had initiated the commercial application of the telegraph by using it to checker the movement of its tr... ...s for particular technologies. His issued patents are presented here in three listsby execution take care, patent date, and subject. The execution and patent date lists are each presented in six parts to make the files less cumber whatever. He execution date of a patent application is the date on which the inventor signs the application, and hence is the date closest to the actual inventive activity. However, in his early years Edison did not always rush to his patent lawyer with an invention, especially if there was little aspiration for the invention or he was feeling broke and unable to pay the variou s fees involved in an application. In a few cases Edison removed some of the claims from an original application and filed a new application to cover those claims. The execution date of such a patent can be considerably ulterior than that of the original application even though the patent covers designs from the earlier date.The subject lists are necessarily somewhat arbitrary. They are arranged by execution date. A few patents appear in two listsfor example, Patent 142,999 is for a battery Edison developed for telegraphy, and it is under Batteries and Telegraphy and Telephony.

In Opposition of Eugenics and Human Embryo Research Essay -- Argumenta

In Opposition of Eugenics and Human Embryo Research There are a variety of views of eugenics and all that it entails. The rendering of eugenics is the science of improving the physical and mental qualities of human beings through control of the factors influencing heredity, ( Funk and Wagnalls, 1984). Others think eugenics is the social control of human genetic evolution, an ideology of racism and genocide, thought to improve society and halt disease while others think only of the Nazi Regime (Saetz, 1985 and McGee, 1997). Eugenics has a long and tumultous past but with the mathematical function of the human genome and research on human embryos, where will eugenics lead the wolrd in the near future? There are two main practices of eugenics positive eugenics, change magnitude the procreation of those with desireable traits, including high IQ, physical attractiveness, resistance to disease, etc., and negative eugenics, halting the procreation of those with undesirable traits th rough sterilization, abortion, infanticide, birth control and couseling (Saetz, 1985 and Davis, 1981). Und...

A Letter from Holden from Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger Essays

A Letter from Holden from Catcher in the RyeDear Holden,Hi mate, whats gone wrong with you? I cant believe this has happenedto you. You were fine when I left, after Allie dying and all. You knowwhen I last saw you I was with Rachel (The English Actress). Well Iproposed to her and she said yes. I am organising our honeymoon andthe wedding so I am a bit tied up at the moment. So that is why I amwriting a letter and not coming down to see you in person. In your preliminary letter, on a few occasions, you seemed to talk as if you werea different person. I wanna give you some advice. It will be easier ifI tell you how I would defend acted, or how you should have acted, justto help you.I remember you told me about that guy, Stradlater, and he was going ona take in with Jane. He asked you to do an essay for him. I wouldnt have buste it for him you have got your own life, try living it brother.Why didnt you tell him you didnt want to do it for him? If he was analright guy he would have sta yed at the school and written it himself.He was walking all over you and he only did it because you did nothave anything better to do, because you were getting kicked out ofPencey in a few days.The thing with you is that you just cant help yourself. Stradlaterstarted talking for ages about Jane Gallagher and his date with herand you were stunned by this information. So when you stopped talkinghe just asked you. Will you do it for me then? and you gave in tohim. It didnt take any persuasion. Nothing. posterior on in your letter, you talked about meeting this pimp, Maurice,in a lift. He asked you if you wanted to have some fun that night.Why? Why did you say yes? You dont have to have a prostitute to havea good time. They are for sick, old perverts, not a sixteen-year-old,Holden. When the girl turned up, you should have just given her themoney and made her leave. You didnt even have to talk to her. She hadher own life and she either wanted to have sex or go back to sleep.When that pim p came back because you didnt give the girl enough moneyyou should have just given the money to him. In your commentary hesounded huge, so I would have given him it.

Colonization of America :: essays research papers

When the Europeans had discovered America, the possibilities for them were endless. Although mistakenly discovered, it greatly aroused the curiosity of many another(prenominal) European explorers. There were newly opportunities for them to expand, and in more than just one way. Chances to spread religion, boost their economy, and help themselves politically.As soon as Columbus returned, the pontiff issued a decree saying the introduction itself was an inheritance of Christianity. Spain and Portugal, the two main Christian powers at the time, set proscribed to spread Christianity all across the world following the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. What better place to start then with the new found land of the Americas. As soon as the Europeans figured out a reason, they began their religious crusade. Spain argued that the Native Americans possessed souls that only Christian baptism could save. Years later in 1520, an excommunicated monk named Martin Luther and his follows calling t hemselves Protestants, created a rift in westerly Christianity and broke it into competing faiths. This movement was known as the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation was able to spread oversees to the Americas, and led to many conflicts in the new world. Spain and France battled for religious dominance in Florida while England, which consisted of a Protestant monarchy, claimed Ireland. Eventually England too, would plan to occupy land in North America. Such feuds over religion would continue for centuries to come in the colonization of America.The Political causes of the navigation and colonization was based on many different things. The knowledge gained from explorations gave many Europeans new ideas and brought many stories of diverse cultures to them. This, on with the new places and people to discover, changed the way Europeans viewed their own lives. They were intrigued by all these new things from America, and realized they really had just inherited the wisdom and author ity in which they lived by. This stimulated a European Renaissance, and gave them a chance to explore further more and establish colonies along the way. The English had expanded their coastal colonies and maintained steady control along the way. Spain was able to establish control through the Gulf of Mexico, conquering tribes such as the Aztecs, and gained much prestige and wealth along the way. France, the third of the three freehanded European nations colonizing America, attempted to make themselves allies with Native Americas for support in helping them expand.

Colonization of America :: essays research papers

When the Europeans had discovered America, the possibilities for them were endless. Although mistakenly discovered, it greatly aroused the curiosity of many European explorers. There were refreshing opportunities for them to expand, and in more than just one way. Chances to interruption religion, boost their economy, and help themselves politically.As soon as Columbus returned, the pope issued a decree saying the world itself was an inheritance of Christianity. Spain and Portugal, the two main Christian powers at the time, set out to spread head Christianity all across the world following the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. What better place to start then with the new found land of the Americas. As soon as the Europeans figured out a reason, they began their religious crusade. Spain argued that the Native Americans possessed souls that only Christian baptism could save. Years afterwards in 1520, an excommunicated monk named Martin Luther and his follows calling themselves Protest ants, created a rift in Western Christianity and broke it into competing faiths. This movement was known as the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation was able to spread oversees to the Americas, and led to many conflicts in the new world. Spain and France battled for religious dominance in Florida while England, which consisted of a Protestant monarchy, claimed Ireland. Eventually England too, would plan to occupy land in North America. Such feuds over religion would continue for centuries to come in the colonization of America.The Political causes of the navigation and colonization was based on many divers(prenominal) things. The knowledge gained from explorations gave many Europeans new ideas and brought many stories of diverse cultures to them. This, along with the new places and people to discover, changed the way Europeans viewed their own lives. They were intrigued by all these new things from America, and realized they sincerely had just inherited the wisdom and authority in which they lived by. This stimulated a European Renaissance, and gave them a chance to explore further more and establish colonies along the way. The English had expanded their coastal colonies and maintained steady control along the way. Spain was able to establish control through the Gulf of Mexico, conquering tribes such as the Aztecs, and gained much prestige and wealth along the way. France, the third of the three large European nations colonizing America, attempted to make themselves allies with Native Americas for support in support them expand.

The Theories of Creationism and Evolution

Creationism is the belief that solely sprightliness and matter on this planet was created by a paragon or supreme existence. It states that a god is the creator of alone, and that he (or she) created everything let out of nonhing. This is a strong belief of many, and seriously contradicts scientific thinking.One can not mention creationism and not say something about the Bible s creation story. It takes place over seven mean solar days in which God creates the universe out of nothing. And the earth was without shape and void (genesis 11)The breakdown of creation is as followsDay 1 God made light and separated it from the dark, making day and night.Day 2 God created the water below and the sky above.Day 3 God made earth and made plants grow on it in abundance.Day 4 God created the moon, the sun, the stars and the planets.Day 5 God made the birds of the sky and the creatures of the deep seas.Day 6 God created the animals and the compassionate beings of earth.Day 7 God rested af ter naturalise.This explanation of creation is preached in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Ever since the idea of evolution came about, (see Part II) creation scientist, have been trying to prove their theory over evolution. They cite these major issues1. there are no transitional links and intermediate forms in either the fossil record or the novel world, which means, there is no actual evidence that evolution has occurred either in the past or the present.2. cancel conveyion (the supposed evolution mechanism, a coherent with mutations) is incompetent of advancing an organism to a higher-order.3. Although evolutionists state that life resulted from non-life, matter resulted from nothing, and humans resulted from animals, each of these is an impossibility of apprehension and the natural world.4. The supposed hominids (creatures in-between ape and human that evolutionists believe used to exist) bones and skull record used by evolutionists often consists of finds which are tho roughly unrevealing and inconsistent. They are neither clear nor conclusive even though evolutionists present them as if they were.5. Nine of the 12 popularly supposed hominids are actually extinct apes/ monkeys and not part human at all.6. The final triple supposed hominids put forth by evolutionists are actually modern human beings and not part monkey/ ape at all. Therefore, all twelve of the supposed hominids can be explained as being either fully monkey/ ape or fully modern human and not as something in between.7. The rock strata finds (layers of buried fossils) are better explained by a universal flood than by evolution.Using these and new(prenominal) arguments, Creationists (those who believe in creationism) have fought for what they believe and so far have made some interesting impacts in the nation and around the world. For instance, recently in Kansas, the school panel decreed that evolution was to be taken off the science curriculum. It was not to be taught. At all.Pa rt IIEvolution The belief that all life evolved, or mutated into what it is today.Charles Darwin started off the whole evolution revolution after studying creatures in the Galapagos Islands. He published his controversial book, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which appeared in 1859. Darwin is hailed as the father of modern theories of evolution.Common usage of the word evolution is the idea that living things in our world have come into being through unguided natural processes starting from a primeval soup of subatomic particles and radiation, over approximately 20 billion years.The idea of evolution that was tell above can be infinitely explained using a combination of the following four studies1. Cosmology is the branch of astronomy that deals with the origin and formation of the oecumenic structure of the universe.2. Abiogenesis refers to first life, which is the production of living things from inanimate matter.3. Macro-evolution or general evolution refer s the progression to more complex forms of life. The way of macro-evolution, including whether or not micro-evolution over a long enough time leads to macro-evolution, can be regarded as a research topic.4. Micro-evolution or speciation refers to population and species change throughout time. There are many examples of speciation, if by the development of a new species we are referring to development of a new population of creatures which will not breed with the superior population to produce viable offspring. Micro-evolution is a scientific fact which no one, including creationists, can dispute.The accepted ways if explaining micro-evolution are mutation and natural option.Mutations are mistakes in the genetic material used for reproduction, which can occur for many powers (example as a result of exposure to radiation.) Naturally occurring mutations are very rare, and it is understood that the ones that do occur, almost all have a bad effect. The occasional positive mutation, gi ving some benefit to the organism, provides the new material for natural selection to work with.Natural selection is based on the thought that there is variation among creatures in a population. Natural selection says that those individuals who have some profit in their environment (such as being a faster runner, having a better camouflage, etc.) are more likely to have more offspring, which makes the probability of passing the advantage on to future generations.The Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) is typically a whitish moth covered with black spots. This coloring gives an effective camouflage for the moths as they sit on some kinds of birch tree trees. Like people, however, these moths can be found in a range of colors from very black to very white and all the shades in between. In a famous study in England it was found that when the white trees, on which the moths sat, became dirty (dark) from pollution, birds ate more of the hoy moths, apparently missing the darker ones becaus e of their blend in with the trees. It was no surprise that the population of darker moths increased while the lighter ones decreased. Later on, when the city got together some better pollution laws the trees returned to a lighter color. Along with this, the lighter moths proliferated and the darker ones dwindled in numbers.This is clearly natural selection in action, but is it evolution? Not really, unless natural variation within species that happens in all plants and animals is called evolution. The problem with calling this type of variation evolution is that it is very limited. There are, for example, over 150 breeds of dogs recognized by the AKC and more are added each year, but they are all dogs. You can select for dogs with long ears or short ears, go for big dogs or small dogs, but you cant select for dogs with flippers. The reason is obvious, there are no genes for wings in the gene pool of the dog.Because of this, dogs will be remain dogs and Peppered Moths will be Peppe red Moths.Part treyLet the party begin The fight and contrast of creationist ideas and those of evolutionists.The problem between the creationist and the evolutionists is that they have no common ground. Their theories are based on an all-or-nothing concept. If one is accepted, the other is discarded. That is just the way they are set up. Because of this, the battle rages on. Each side has had their triumphs and disappointments. Some of the best minds in the world are working to prove to all people that their ideas are better.For instance, some creationist argue there is not a single known case of a truly good mutation, one having no negative side effects. This can be easily argued with using the is not response that everybody remembers from early childhood. Unfortunately for the creationists, there is scientific evidence all science is based on theory. Theory can easily be debunked, depending on how the data is looked at. The war continues.In another instance creationists say that natural selection can only select among already existing traits-it cannot create something new, such as dogs with wings. While this idea has not been proven false, it has not been proven received either. Evolutionists can dismiss this statement by saying that normal genetic changes take place and natural selection helps out. The spiral of argument is never ending.The reason that the two sides can never see eye to eye on anything goes beyond beliefs into semantics. Each side uses the word theory differently. Evolutionists see theory as a scientifically provable and repeatable series of circumstances. Creationists use the word theory as what someone thinks or supposes will happen. And so creationism can be called a theory equal to the theory of evolution.As far as anybody can see this struggle between these two camps has no finish. As long as there is no distinct evidence to prove one way or another, people will argue over these two theories and mind will be spent. Even if there we re a conclusion to this battle, there would still be some who wouldn t believe, and so there would still be controversy. Who knows? Nothing can be proven.

Ethics and Law

This assignment focuses on Ethics and Law for Nursing and Social work which would be base on a Case Study. The slipperiness study which I bedevil chosen is about Blood Transfusion. Nowadays Ethics and Law brings a spacious impact on Nursing. The key of honourable principles underpins the health awe policies and reverence practices. The meaning of ethics is something which the individuals performs everyday life. The other word for ethics would be ethical dilemma. Most of the time due to the intense nature of the work obliges may come across with variety of ethical dilemmas throughtout their courses and their professional c areers.As a nurse the most important to contendfully handle and maintain the ethical dilemmas. Ethical principles and theories is also included in this assignment. Ethical principles and theories are the foundations of the ethical analysis because they take in the viewpoints of the guidelines which can be obtained along the pathway to a decision. The et hical theories emphasise the different points of predicting the outcome and the following duties to the individuals in pose to reach an ethic all in ally discipline decision. however, ethical theories are useful because the theory is directed towards a common deal of the goals.The ethical principles are the common goals which the theory tries to achieve in order to be success. These goals includeds Autonomy, Beneficence, non malfiecence and justice. These 4 ethical principles has 4 different meaning which I will describe in details into my assignment. I will also list the NMC Code of conduct which will inlclude look upon, dignity, honesty, confidentiality, equity, and valuing diversity, all these would be explained in briefly into the assignment. The NMC Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of convey (2010) states that the individuals should be treated with respect and dignity. The health guard rofessionals should recognise and maintain diversity, respect, cultural differences , values, dignity, confidentiality, and beliefs of the individuals they care for.This outcome study is about consanguinity line transfusion, The 70 years old man is refusing to have blood transfusion. The nurses and his relatives are also trying to convince him to have blood transfusion exclusively hes refusing to have blood transfusion. The reason this patient is refusing to have blood transfusion is because of his cultural differences and beliefs, the health care professionals should respect his cultural differences, beliefs and his own values towards this intercession.The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that the health care professionals should listen to the individuals and respond to their concerns and preferences. . In the case study it suggested that the nurse has tried to convince patient to have blood transfusion but he was refusing to have blood transfusion, so its very important that the health care professionals should promote choices to patients so that they are awake(predicate) of their treatments whether they wants to have it or not they can decide.The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that people should respect individuals rights to confidentiality and also not to disclose any information to any third person if they are not entitled to it. The health care professionals shouldnt pass any relevant information to anyone, without patient consents. The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that the health care professionals should ensure that they get patients consents before they begins to provide care for them, which means in the case study the nurse should get patient consent before she give blood transfusion so that the patient is aware of their treatment.The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that the health care professionals should be very honest and trustworthy when they are completing patients records and medical notes. The professional values are set of the moral principles and standards of the conduct, which supports the moral prestige of the professional groups in the inn. The professional ethics are there to identify the moral standards and assessments, judgments and the concepts which characterise the individuals as representatives of a incident profession. The professionals values develop norms, standards, requirements, typical to certain activities.The values are designed to educate people, and also help the individuals to behave properly with others, and leave well at the workplace. The health care professionals should make known with the patient with respect and dignity. Nurses shouldnt force patient to have blood transfusion. The personal values which are ideals, beliefs, customs and characteristics which an individuals or particular group or society moderators valuable and worthwile. As a health care professionals they have to make innumerable decisions everyday how to care for patients and which sorts of care should they provide.Some of these decisions will have no moral substances. For example the h ealth care professionals have to decide that the patients should be bathed before breakfast has been cathegorised as a matter of experience effeciency and custom of order. (2004) thornes et al page 46. tolerant may have their own personal values to themselves, they might not prefer of having any pressure or force of having a treatment, they can decide or choose what is best for them. Ethical issues move up focuses on ethical issues that arise in practice.These are usually big moral dilemmas that be inclined to take over in the media,such as terminating life sustaining treatment. The ethical concepts approach begins by looking at the development of the professional codes of conducts of ethics and then challenges the values that notifys practice and how significance conflicts are resolved. It also explores diverse ethical principles and concepts. (2004) thrones et al page 74 The equity of care means individuals patients or clients should be treated fairly accooding to their needs but that denies their differences and individuality.We living in multi cultural society and the codes requires nurses to promote and protect the interests and dignity of the patients and the clients, gender, age, race, ability, sexuality, economic status, lifestyle, culture, religious. (2005) chapman et al page no 26 Autonomy its dominant to realise that the patients has personal autonomy and whence they have rights to agree or disagree with the action or treatments, even refusal may result in harm or death of the individuals.In this case if a patient dont want to have blood transfusion, the health care professionals shouldnt force or pressure the individuals patients to have blood transfusion. This is their own choices and decisions not to have this particular treatment, so the health care professionals should not force them to have this treatment. Its very important that the health care professionals ask consent to the patients before they begins with any treatments, so that the patients is aware of it. If a patients is egally incompetent to make an informed decision the health care professionals should try and come upon out about their wishes which they previously expressed in the statement for example the living will. So if the patient was legally competent than the health care professionals should respect their choices and decisions. (2005) chapman et al page 48 Benefience and non maleficence this imposes a duty to do good and avoid or minimise the harm of the patients. It require the the health care professionals helps the patients and clients by promoting and safe guarding their welfare.Nurses duty is to treat individuals with respect when it involves their cultural and linguistic backgrounds, their treatments, the health care professionals should pay more attentions to their verbal and non verbal communications when they communicate with the individuals patients. Recurrently in the line of the duties of care of the nurses come with the ethical dile mmas and the moral dilemmas which requires the health care professionals to exhibit the benefiences and non malfiecence in agreement with the appropriate treatment for the patients.Patients has all rights to decide and choose their treatment in this case patient too incapacitate to make their needs or wishes known the nurses must lean firmly to the side of benefience. Justice which requires the equal treatment of the equal cases. It is concerned with the allcation of health resources and means that there should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, age, race, relligion. Patient shouldnt be discriminated against their cultural differences or beliefs. The age discrimation act suggets that individuals shouldnt be discriminated againt their age.In this essay I have discussed the case study of a patient who has been admitted to the casulty department after had a road traffic. He has sustained some severe injuries he needs blood transfusion. He refused to consent to this treatmen t due to his religious and beliefs purpose, although he understands that his life is at risk. He was unconscious few times. His relatives is agreed with the treatment which he will receive from the hospital but he still refused to have blood transfusion. The nurses tried to convince him for taking the treatment but his still refusing. The nurses have to respect the patient dignity and choices. This case study

Outlier

1. The large difference between how I accommodate thought and understood success compargond to the way Malcolm Gladwell argues is the great deal and families that create success. Previous to reading this book, I strongly confided that the way to pop off productive was to put in hard work. For example, my system to success was similar on the lines to what Malcolm Gladwell discusses earlier in the book. He says, Practice isnt the thing you do once youre good. Its the thing you do that makes you good(Gladwell, 2008). I believed if you nice what you want to be successful at everyday, you would eventually end up reaching your goal.However, after reading Malcolm Gladwells opinion my beliefs are now different. one and only(a) of the more important examples Malcolm Gladwell mentions that showed how different I thought was the success story of buck Gates. I personally believed that Bill Gates was successful only because he was an intelligent man who was driven by hard work and his g oal to create the personal ready reckoner. Previous to this novel my only education on Bill Gates was from reading short articles about him and from what I have heard from friends and teachers. What I did not know about Bill Gates was his devoted mount and the support from his family and others.Malcolm Gladwell mentions that in that location important opportunities that were incredible lucky series of events(Gladwell, 2008), that created his success. Some of the opportunities Bill Gates was given were his free computer while at the University of majuscule(Gladwell, 2008) and also previous to that his mother along with others had enough money to pay for his high school Lakesides computer fees(Gladwell, 2008). Without the circumstance of Bill Gates receiving free computer time, chances are he wouldnt have been nearly as intelligent and innovative with computers as he is today.To reiterate Malcolm Gladwells argument about tiptop achievers are successful because of their familie s, in Bill Gates circumstance it is true. He wouldnt have had the prospect to practice with computers at a young hop on if his mother couldnt afford to pay for the schools computer fees. Based on Bill Gates example Malcolm Gladwell writes about, it creates a credible argument to how he believes how to become successful. I did not even consider before reading this novel that family and the fortunate circumstances you are given are a substantial activate to ones success.However, now it is crucial that it is not overlooked. 2. In my opinion, the cultural language in the United States varies across the country depending on where you are from. I believe that in some regions of the United States the cultural language is similar to the language represented by the co-pilot Koltz in The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes(Gladwell, 2008). However, I also believe in other vicinities in the United States the cultural language is outgoing and in the situation presented in the plane crash chapter, the cultural language would have been much more extrovert.The cultural language across the United States has emerged and evolved based on where you and your parents are from and how you were raised. Moments before the plane Avianca 052(Gladwell, 2008) crashed after running out of fuel, Co-Pilot Mauricio Klotz try to warn Kennedy Airport that their airplane did not have the sufficient amount of fuel to land. However, because Klotz was using his own cultural language, the controllers were not able to report the trouble Avianca 052 was really in. I believe Klotzs mitigated speech during this problem is similar to some cultural languages in the United States.For example, Malcolm Gladwell discusses Robert Sternbergs theory of hardheaded intelligence(Gladwell, 2008). To Sternberg, practical intelligence is knowledge that helps out read situations correctly and get what you want(Gladwell, 2008). It is clear that Klotzs cultural language lacked practical intelligence. However, I believe numerous glossinesss in the United States also lack the same intelligence. Malcolm Gladwell recalls a study where Annette Lareau conducted a fascinating study of a radical of third graders(Gladwell, 2008). Results of the study showed that lower-class children are quiet and submissive(Gladwell, 2008).Therefore, children and adults who are from lower-class families very well could have responded the same way Klotz did during a time of emergency. The cultural language of the United States can also be outgoing and far from quiet and submissive. Malcolm Gladwell discusses the South and the personalities people possess there. From results of an experiment, it had shown that Southerners were more unforced to stand up for themselves. The experiment consisted of calling them an asshole to see if it caused their levels of testosterone and cortisol-the hormones that drive arousal and aggression-to go up (Gladwell, 2008).The results were the Southerners were angry, their cortisol and testoste rone jumped. Their handshakes got firm. It is easy to predict how a Southerner would have reacted to a plane moments way from crashing if they react strongly to simply being called a derogatory name. My guess is that if a Southerner was a co-pilot, the controllers at Kennedy Airport would have understood the trouble the airplane was in. I believe our vast cultural language derived from what Malcolm Gladwell would call the nuance of honor(Gladwell, 2008).The culture of honor describes people behave the way they do because of where you grew up or where your parents grew upwhere your great-grandparents and your great-great-grandparents grew up and even where your great-great-great-grandparents grew up(Gladwell, 2008). This explains our difference in the United States culture because the majority of the people living in the United States families were once immigrants. People come from all over the world to live in the U. S. and that is why are culture is different from any others.I bel ieve our vast cultural language works in favor with our social structure because it matches with the supply and demand of our economy. For example, there are plenty of jobs in the United States where people who respect their superiors and are afraid to speak up can work. Also, there are opportunities to open up your own business if you contain traits similar to Malcolm Gladwells example of a Southerner and do not mesh well with being told what to do. 3. When Gladwell says that biologists talk about the bionomics of an organism he is referring to why legitimate organisms are more successful than others.Malcolm Gladwell is inferring that the tallest oak in the timberland is the tallest not just because it grew from the hardiest acorn(Gladwell, 2008). It is the tallest oak in the forest because of many more reasons. Reasons that include luck and some things that cannot be controlled. For example, when discussing about oak trees, Gladwell mentions that one oak tree is the tallest beca use no other tree block off its sunlightno rabbit chewed through its bark and no lumberjack cut it down before it matured(Gladwell, 2008).Gladwells point of the ecology of this certain tree is that is it the most successful because of certain circumstances it was placed in. The Matthew Effect or also known as accumulative advantage is when those who are successful are most likely to be given the kinds of special opportunities that lead to further success(Gladwell, 2008). Malcolm Gladwells example of accumulative advantage is hockey thespians and how at a young age they achieve success. Gladwell discusses that the professional hockey player starts out a little bit better than his peers.And that little difference leads to an opportunity that makes that difference a bit bigger(Gladwell, 2008). An important implication of the hockey example is that the similarities in the age of the hockey players who have had success. The majority of the hockey players in Canada are born in January, February, and March(Gladwell, 2008). Because of the fact that these professional hockey players were born in the beginning of the year they had an advantage over those who were born afterwards in the year.The reason why they have an advantage is because when they were young they were bigger and more matured than those who were born later in the year. Since that these hockey players were bigger than the other kids they were given the opportunity to play hockey at more of an elite level. This is a prime example of The Matthew Effect and it explains that ones who are successful are given more opportunities to be more successful. However, accumulative advantage and ecology both are very similar.For example, along with the accumulative advantage in the hockey player instance there is also ecology to it. As mentioned earlier, the ecology of an organism is lucky or uncontrollable circumstances that occur. For the most part, the date of birth of a person is often uncontrollable and is not often planned. Accumulative advantage and ecology as seen in this example, are often correlated with one another. In both the Matthew Effect and the ecology and an organism, people are given a better opportunity. References Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers. New York Little,Brown and Company.

Are Governments Controlling The Internet Essay

Prior to the 21st century society greatest inventions were the automobile, the teleph 1, the airplane as a means of communication and transportation. Now individuals are blessed with the mesh. It is comm besides regarded that the Internet is a manifesto of technology that allows human beings to interact with one some other exploitation networking services. The Internet has broken d testify the barriers and means of traditional communication. In cyberspace, people pot talk with each other regardless of location.It sight be delimit as a unique medium with no geographic location however available to anyone (p. 21). It is not only handlingd for communication but data searching, listings of products and services, advertising of large/small businesses, and much much. In essence, the Internet can be regarded as a separate entity from our own physical world a digital utopia. The question being raised is, with the large scale of the cyberspace, how is it maintained or even control led? Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wus obtain Who Controls the Internet?Illusions of a Borderless World gives a perfect example of how the Internet is being directly (and indirectly) controlled by territorial g everywherenment. As each arm of the concur is uncovered, it is crystalisely intimateed come bring pop that interior(a) governments through control of local and international intermediaries and coercion exercise dominate control over the digital empire. The book is subdivided into three large pricks. In the first section Wu and Goldsmith marks the impression to the readers that the Internet is in fact a libertarian state where users can freely express themselves.The authors argue at the commencement of the Internet there are no actual rulers or governors of the Internet rather it was the upheaval of a Digital American Revolution, thats construct on language and reason and our fail in each other (p. 22). The authors later indicate that it was open because it was leave alo neing to accept almost any kindhearted of calculator or network. Thus it is a society that is ruled by the humanity that resides at heart the Internet. Humanity united might do separate than our lousy systems of government, throw away the constructs of the nation-state, and live in some different but better way (p. 7).Section two establishes that users from different geographical regions privation their information presented in their local language. As the author pointed that language is one of the most important expectations on the internet. It gives the example that people in Brazil, Korea and France do not want English versions of Microsoft products but rather want a version they can fully envision (p. 50). As the next section unravels we start to come across how digital humanity needs rulers and starts to get involved how national governments are governing the borders of the internet.It registers that government uses coercion and local intermediaries to restrict and eve n block sum that is on the internet. An example would be Nazi merchandise and hate sites appearing on French networks and even an incident in China where a 15 year old girl Liu Di was punished by the Chinese government when she was making an argument comparing the Chinese government and a prostitute. It also points out how controlling Governments can be a beneficial factor in regulating illegal activities such as file sharing and copyrighting.The final section of the book shows how the government aims to make the borders of the Internet a haven that protects its citizens from harm. This section explores the aspect of globalization and competing countries in controlling the Internet. Europe, U. S. and China all wishes to have a centralized power over the Internet. If two out of three countries that are in favour of online gambling while the one third is not, how can a borderless digital society solve this problem? The sections encourages decentralized governments to work together to adapt to peoples needs and respond in a more positive manner (p. 53).For the struggle of ultimate control lies within national governments and a problem of clashing government interests and priorities can be a solemn concern for the future of the Internet (p. 171). Wu and Goldsmith both agreed that this is the beginning of a technological version of the cold war, with each side pushing its own vision of the Internets future (p. 184). In order for the book to draw readers closer into fully understanding the Internet the authors must not only make a compelling argument but the style and construction of the book is also important.This essay will discuss four areas in which the book was successful or non-successful into helping readers understand the importance of national governments and their role on the Internet. The notable points in creating a compelling argument lie within the thesis, the method(s) of research, the turn out that supports the thesis and the overall evaluation/ recommendation. The first point thats important in this book is the thesis. The thesis is the main point the authors are attempt to make throughout the entire book.In the book Who Controls the Internet Wu and Goldsmith stated their thesis in the conclusion rather than the introduction. Instead they decided to influence readers by telling a short romance in the introduction to foreshadow readers into the overall point of the book. In my opinion the thesis of the book can found on page 180 where it reads Beneath of fog of modern technology, we have seen the effects of coercive governmental force on local persons, firms and equipment (p. 180). Ironically, this is not the thesis that users anticipated on hearing when they decide to read the book.On the back cover of the book it reads a book about the fate of one idea that the Internet might liberate us forever from government, borders and even our physical selves. (Wu and Goldsmith) Wu and Goldsmith prompted readers with a general i dea indeed throughout the book utilize examples and heated evidence to prove that idea wrong. It gives readers the perception that the Internet is in fact a challenge to governmental rule rather than the ideal entity of freedom and liberty.The thesis was not always stated at the end of the book rather the author hinted their thesis throughout chapters to reinforce their main point along the way. For instance in chapter 5, Wu and Goldsmith talk about how local intermediaries are present and how government uses coercion to control these intermediaries, thus ruling the internet (p. 65). The authors stated that it would be extremely easy for individuals to overlook how often governments control behavior not individually, but collectively, through intermediaries (p. 68).The authors use the example of HavenCo to reinforce their thesis. In the book HavenCo was expound as the first place on earth where people are free to conduct business without someone looking over their shoulder (p. 6 5). Shortly after, HavenCo became the object of negativity where porn and other offensive content were being hosted. Due to their business model they would not seek out cooperative intermediaries. However falling into a downward spiral, HavenCo became desperate so they looked towards national governments for assistance.However the government would not oblige since it was hosting offensive content and demanded that HavenCo transplant the material. Of course, without this aspect HavenCo was nothing. And now without the support of powerful government officials and intermediaries HavenCo is now a jumbled pile of network equipment, rotting and obsolete (p. p. 84-85). The authors presents the readers with a plunder and indirect thesis in each chapter, and as each chapter passes they are vividly trying to reinforce their thesis by providing real life evidence that happens in the midst of the digital society.Other notable examples that are highlighted in the book that supports the thesis would be the Chinese government sometimes with help from hick, contact political dissidents and put them in prison (p. 181). Next, the government that are threatening Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and search engines and credit card companies with fines so that they can extend out offensive net communications. And, it is clear that Jon Postel and the Internets founders give up control over their creation under implied threats of governmental force.And finally, under the aspect of file sharing (where it was debated it would be hardest to control) governments have executed hidden but important ways to fuel coercion on the economy of file-sharing and tilts the playing report to favour law-abiding companies like Apple (p. 181). The authors have a very climatic way to communicate their thesis to the reader, By presenting support evidence and a strong conclusion they are in fact proving to readers that the government does control the internet. The next section uncovers the methodolo gy that the authors used to present their topic.In order to prove their thesis they need an abundant amount of information. Not only does this information provide historical insight in the topic but it grants validity in the matter. In the book the authors have presented much needed evidence that governments control the internet, as each chapter is unraveled the readers are engulfed with powerful side stories of the lives of specific individuals that resided in the digital age. The book uses a combination of statistical information and encoded facts, personal biographies and appealing stories.If we direct our attention to the sources at the end of the book we notice that the authors use a hefty number of secondary sources. The only notable errors that are present in their methodology were that the sources they used were a little out of date. Old sources will lead to skewed results and that might cause a misinterpretation of the research. The book was written and published in 2006 bu t the majority of sources they used were within the 1998-2001 timeframe. Although they did use several sources that were recent (2005) it still does not change the fact that the Internet and technology are always changing in real time.With this change its rather hard to keep up and readers can be misinformed of with irrelevant information rather than significant information. Although with these slight flaws in the book, the methods were applied correctly in the sense that it is very easy to understand. They have broken the entire book into three parts each part builds up information for that peak ending (or thesis). The methods were appropriate in the sense that the authors had a balance of evidence to support their claim.For example, the information gathered was not all focused on the governments point of view but rather an equal split between government, organizations and individuals. It would be naive to think that a proper thesis can be proved without the support of evidence. M ethodically the authors predominately still influence the readers with horror stories and statistics of government coercion on digital societies to prove their thesis. For example, the chapter on China outlines President turn on Clintons visit to the foreign land.Clinton observed that users required national ID cards before logging on. Regulated cafes also featured cameras pointed directly at the computer screen and police officers would occasionally monitor users right behind their back (p. 97). In China the Internet is far from being a liberating force but rather it is the major attraction for government surveillance. As previously mentioned Liu Di was arrested on personally insulting the government over the Internet, shortly after Liu Dis story was printed in the press as a warming to all other civilians using the Internet.Throughout the book we see many stories that mimic the true horrors of the Internet, presented in a non-fictitious way to leaves readers shunned into believin g the overall message of the book. Other factual occurrences that are displayed in Wu and Goldsmiths methodology are the Kazaa/Napster case where digital piracy was at its initial state. Napster, a company located in the United States was battling with court officials to stay alive. With no luck, a simple U. S. ourt order was easily enforced and that led to a total system collapse (p. 108). Another factor that stands out with the evidence was that its very diverse in the geographical sense. The authors not only present their ideas from the American standpoint but tackles on other regions of the world. In the introduction the authors commences a deep discussion on global borders of the internet, the evidence and support was from a simply disgruntled individual that didnt like seeing Nazi merchandise on the French site of Yahoo (p. p. 1-10).By using this intrinsic method of communicating the thesis they are successful in the sense of drawing readers. This chapter rather than supporti ng the thesis, they argue against it express that the Internet cannot be regulated. Using factual data, they are offering both sides of the story in a very objective manner. This helps readers understand the thesis a little better and perhaps even raise serious questions on a political, global and technological standpoint. Who Controls the Internet is a very ideal portrayal of the digital society.It tells readers the important message that originally the Internet was designed to liberate individuals and it was designed to escape government and borders, but without the government mingling in affairs the Internet as we know it today wouldnt flourish. One of the few appealing factors of this book is that it speaks out in a very clear and engaging style. Within each chapter the author conveniently uses sub-headings to divide important topics and that each chapter features several compelling stories.The two authors, who are both lawyers does an excellent byplay of communicating the le gal issues to the readers without heavy use of legal jargon. Despite the many praises the book gets, it still has some flaws. In my opinion the flaws are contained within the unnecessary pictures and images that are included. Many (if not all) of the pictures are unneeded. For instance on page 4 it shows a rather large photo of the Palais de Justice, where the Yahoo case was litigated and too on page 66 shows a picture of Sealand where HavenCo was initiated. Although visualizations are nice they have no purpose in proving the thesis.How can a picture of Jon Postel who is described as a rambling, ragged look, living in sandals, and a large, unkempt beard help readers understand the dominate government forces on the Internet. In another part of the book Wu and Goldsmith dedicated half a page to Steve Jobs and as a background shows a skull and sword insignia and was labeled Piracy. In retrospect the authors should have gotten rid of filler photography and replaced it with diagrams, w hich brings up the next flaw, the limited use of diagrams within the book. A diagram can help readers understand the point the author is trying to prove in either a passage or chapter.Back to the Steve Jobs example, if the authors showed using a diagram how Apple and national governments were combating internet piracy it would strengthen their thesis in proving that government controls most sides of the Internet. Or even a timeline that showed how government intervened with such programs such as Napster, Kazaa and then taking on Apple. This book appeals to a large audience of graduate, undergraduate students and professors teaching either politics or information technology. The benefits include that readers of this book can raise important questions and use these questions as the foundation for political debates.The content is not the only contributing factor in a well travel book, Wu and Goldsmith does an excellent job in constructing the book thats easily presentable to the reade r. Even an individual with very little prior knowledge of the Internet can understand the book. Each term is defined when it is firstly introduced. Next, at the end on page 187 the authors implemented a frequency used abbreviations section and the definition in case the reader is having a hard time following due to the technological jargon. In conclusion, there are four areas that were used to critically analyze the book.They are the thesis, the methodology, the evidence used to construct the book and the personal evaluation. This book presents many important topics that relate to past, presents and futures of the technological era. It is telling a story where digital democracies suffer at the ends of coercive governments. It is not just powerful nations have the power to reshape the Internets architecture, more specifically it is the United States, China and Europe using their dominate power to reestablish their own version of the Internet.

Napoleon Bonaparte: a True Tyrant Essay

Ideals of the Enlightenment and the cut innovation were both rooted from the intrust to abolish absolute authority, ensure the natural functions of men, and develop a stable government. cat sleep Bonaparte, a prominent military general and French Emperor, strived for these political ideologies, save was corrupt in his way of approaching them. He was strictly egotistic and selfish these characteristics served only as a catalyst to his abolition. Mohandas Gandhi, a pacifistic rotatory that led Indias emancipation, stated that power based on love is a thousand times more effective and permanent then the unity derived from fear of punishment. Napoleon, however, seized control over France by ruling oppressively and ruthlessly citizens followed him only in fear of his boundless power. Although Napoleon did help clear political and social comparability in France, his uncontrollable desire for ad hominem supremacy suppressed the ideals of the regeneration and violated the basic principles of the enlightenment.Napoleons personal greed for power drove him to infringe the basic principles of the revolution on the rights to hereditary and absolute rule. Robespierre, an edify leader of the Jacobins, stated that the purpose of the French Revolution was to abolish absolute monarchy and institute a democratic or republican government that could help increase political equality within a realm (Robespierre). However, Napoleon rejected any republican form of government he was solely restoreed with maintaining a hereditary power, which may endure for generations, even for centuries (Selected). ironically though, in hopes to gain popularity among members of the 3rd estate, he abolished the power of the nobility and appointed governors that were loyal to the central government.Not only did he crown himself emperor of France, only if also, he established an imperial court and the members of his family were made royalty, while other titles and honors were given to his supporters (Sarti). He was not content merely to create a dynasty for France, just was constantly looking for ways to improve his familys reputation (Axelrod). Napoleons advice in a letter to his brother, Jrme Napolon, revealed his obsessive concern over his own reputation and greed for the strength of his monarchy. This unenlightened behavior reflecting unequal treatment of the people strictly goes against the revolutions purpose, and thus, proves that Napoleon was an exceedingly authoritarian and ruthless emperor.Consumed by his insecurity and unbounded ego, Napoleon stripped away the natural rights of his citizens to prevent France from entering utter chaos. In The Second Treatise on Government, John Locke, a prominent Enlightenment philosopher, emphasized on the importance of preserving the lives, liberties, and estates of the people when governing a nation. Napoleon, on the other hand, was a strong anti-advocate of the freedom of speech and press he believed that in order t o maintain power over his people, it was necessary to never allow the newspapers to say anything contrary to his interests (Leader). In try to maintain peace within the nation, he also banished discussion and proscribed the freedom of press, and stole his citizens rights to the freedom of expression (Selected).Although this prevention helped preserve placidity within France, it caused them to live in oblivion of the rest of Europe. He most proudly stood against the ideas conveyed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens on the peoples right to unrestrained communication of thoughts and opinions, because he was strictly concerned with his reputation among his citizens. In order to gain the affection of his people, he also constructed the French Civil label in 1804, which promised equality under the law.However, this project created to promote equality within the nation, developed conditions that were very unfavorable to wives it clearly was not designed for the bene ficial of the people (French Civil Code) (Locke). By restricting the peoples access to their natural rights of mankind and constructing laws for certain groups, Napoleon hoped he could gain admiration from his following and earn the recognition of his neighbors. This, however, only proved that he was a dictator who oppressed the most fundamental and enlightened ideals of the revolution.Napoleon was not only egotistical and selfish, but he was also a reckless military dictator who maintained stability using violence and unnecessary invasions. Although he strived for social equality and a utopian society, in reality, very few beneficial changes were made during the time of his rule. In fact, during his invasion of Russia, over 300,000 French soldiers were killed it weakened the entire French army. A passage summarizing the French-Russian war stated Although Napoleon managed to preserve himself and the core of his Grand Army, much of his forces were destroyed or had deserted him fewer than 10,000 men fit for competitiveness remained in the main force (Phillips).War general, Philippe de Sgur, who accompanied Napoleon on many of his military campaigns, described him as an insensitive, callous dictator who value his own life far more than of his soldiers He rapidly descended the northern staircase and gave orders for a guide to conduct him out the city to the imperial fortress of Petrowsky (Selected). Benjamin Constant, an active participant of French politics, also thought of Napoleon as a barbaric conqueror who robbed us of the heritage of all the enlightened generations and took advantage of the French army for his own benefit (Selected). Napoleons foreign policies, such as the Continental System that boycotted all British goods, and his aboveboard military invasions on Russia further reflected qualities of a self-absorbed dictator he was selfish, uncaring, and insensitive to the physical well being of his citizens.Although Napoleon helped improve the lives of many, his excessive proclivity for power and egotistical character deprived him of the admiration from his citizens. By restoring hereditary rule within the nation, he directly violated the main purpose of the revolution equality was certainly not established. He went against the ideals of the Enlightenment protecting the natural rights of every individual by stripping away his citizens right to life and liberty. Napoleon was, in fact, a dictator who ruled unconstitutionally and was constantly preoccupied with the thought of personal success his selfish personality and overbearing ego served as a strong foundation to his authoritarian rule over France.

Luxury Brands Essay

ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE CONCEPT OF LUXURY AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS Bernard Dubois, Groupe H. E. C. Gilles Laurent, Groupe H. E. C. Even though young historic period have not been extremely favorable for the prodigality industry (the ComitT Colbert which includes galore(postnominal) prestigious French names Chanel, Dior, Yves Saint-Laurent, etc reports a 1. 5% increase in real terms for 1993), its growth rate, considered over a longer period, remains impressive. Colbert companies have more than doubled their gross sales over the remainder eight years (ComitT Colbert, 1991, 1993).In 1993, they achieved a global turnover of near USD 5. 5 billion. The Pacific Rim countries nominateed 28% of that amount (21. 6% in 1988), equ completelyy dissever between Japan and the other Asian countries. Interestingly enough, however, such growth in demand has not been matched by an equivalent progress in consumer question and what was estimated by McKinsey (in 1990) to be a USD 60 billion mark et largely remains unexplored territory (McKinsey, 1991).Some studies obviously have been conducted and published in the past scarce they disposeed to focus on relatively narrow aspects. For example, the consumption habits of the affluent have been investigated regularly since Veblens seminal work (Veblen, 1899) and, today, anecdotal reports (Stanley, 1988, 1991) as well as in-depth monographies of specialised segments such as upper class wasps (Hirschman, 1988) or nouveaux-riches (LaBarbera, 1988) be available.Limiting the investigation of the prodigality market to the analysis of permit consumers however would fail to screw that, under the influence of diffusion strategies adopted by many highlife goods companies (for brands such as Dior or Yves Saint-Laurent, accessories may represent up to both thirds of their sales), todays demand for opulence goods primarily consists of ordinary consumers who, from time to time, transform their desire to acquire a opulence specifi c into reality.Similary, a few studies have been published on luxury brands, for instance on issues such as their relative positions in peoples legal opinion (Dubois and Duquesne, 1993 Weber and Dubois, forthcoming) or their adopters characteristics (Andrus, Silver and Johnson, 1986) but many luxury goods (houses, diamonds, furniture, etc ) belong to product categories where branding is not a salient dimension, temporary hookup, at the corresponding time, a few brands (such as FabergT) which were in the past considered as luxury names seem to have lost their affiliation to the luxury world, usually because they have overdiffused their products.Finally, somewhat enquiry has in addition been published on the determinants of the scholarship of luxury products, emphasizing economic (Leibenstein, 1950 Mason, 1981) socio-demographic (Dubois and Laurent, 1993) or cultural aspects (Dubois and Duquesne, 1993 Mason 1993) but no overall thoughtual scheme, model or theory has been dev eloped yet. Paradoxically, ace of the untapped research argonas concerns the very nature of perceptions and attitudes attached to the word luxury itself.This is somewhat surprising because pull down casual conversations reveal that the word luxury evokes rather upstanding connotations among people. Some attach to it very supportive feelings while others are quick to express their disdain, but few are left indifferent. The absence of research on the word luxury also is unfortunate because, in several product categories, the luxury adjectival is used routinely to segment markets and to position products. In the car industry for example, both manufacturers and consumers clearly identify luxury models (Mercedes, BMW, Lexus, Infiniti, Cadillac, etc) usually advertised as such. The same holds true for such services as hotels or restaurants. The objective of this paper is to report on an exploratory analysis of the perceptions and attitudes attached to the word (and underlying patter n of) luxury. It is hoped that the results presented below will stimulate further research in the area and eventually contribute to the development of a theory of luxury acquisition and consumption sort. METHOD In order to explore the meanings attached to the word luxury, a two-step survey methodology was adopted.Other approaches such as semiotics could also have been used but were left less appropriate to explore, and to some extent, quantify consumers attitudes towards the luxury model (Wargnier, 1985). First, in-depth interviews were conducted by a captain psychologist with sixteen consumers selected for their widely different (and complementary) profiles. Both males and females were equally represented in the panel and age varied from 17 to 70 years. Occupations were also strongly contrasted, ranging from sales rep to student and from opera singer to mechanic. all interviews were conducted at home, on a face-to-face basis, and taped. On the basis of results obtained from such qualitative research, a bombing of attitudinal items was developed and administered to a sample of 440 French consumers. Although not randomly move, the sample was chosen according to quotas set in terms of sex, age and geographical location. stipulation the nature of the topic under investigation, it was decided to overrepresent female respondents and to underrepresent lower income categories. All interviews were conducted by professional interviewers on a face to face basis.Although the questionnaire included many questions about specific product categories such as perfumes, jewelry, etc only the results connected with qualitative research and the prevalent attitudinal statements are reported in this paper. RESULTS www. acrwebsite. org/search/view-conference-proceedings. aspx? Id=11539 1/4 3/4/13 Attitudes Towards the notion of Luxury an Exploratory Analysis by Bernard Dubois and Gilles Laurent From the results obtained through qualitative research, several important themes emerge in relation to the apprehension of luxury.First, the world luxury itself is spontaneously associated with other terms such as (in decreasing order of frequency) upscale, quality, good tasting, class, but also flashiness and bad grasp. All of these terms overlap in meaning to a certain extent but also have distinct connotations. For example, the key perceived difference between upscale and luxury products is that the former imply a relative position on an evaluative scale while the latter correspond to a self-contained entity. Upscale products also are naturally connected with material goods while the concept of luxury encapsulates symbolic and cultural values.During interviews, many respondents referred to summarys concepts such as space, time, or freedom to convey their perceptions of luxury. The fact that both good taste and bad taste are associated with luxury, sometimes by the same people, clearly reveal the ambivalent nature of respondents feelings, a theme which ha s been recently investigated in the context of gift expectant behavior (Sherry, McGrawth and Levy, 1993). Typical contrasts emerge on dimensions such as essential/superfluous, decent/indecent, quality/gadgetGiven this ambivalence, it is not surprising to find that luxury items often provoke avoidance/attraction reactions. For many respondents, luxury products are desirable when contemplated at a distance, at a day- visioning level when a specific purchase is considered (sometimes ruminated), guilt feelings arise however and the subverting act is experienced by many as a transgression, a not totally trivial attempt to break off daily routine and run away, at least temporarily. TABLE 1 (/volumes/ap01/01274t01. gif) (/volumes/ap01/01274t01. gif) ATTITUDINAL STATEMENTS ABOUT LUXURY (/volumes/ap01/01274t01.gif) At the same time, the luxury transgression can also be a regression, a trip back to ones idealized childhood, when everything was warm and smooth. This would explain why the concept of luxury was felt by many to be relative and idiosyncratic. During interviews, a number of respondents spontaneously started to describe their luxury, as if they were talking about a incomprehensible garden, only known to them. The dual nature of luxury-a world in itself and a world for me-certainly accounts for a large proportion of the ambivalence of feelings.Without oversimplyfing too much, one could produce that many negative feelings are attached to others luxury, while the positive ones are kept for my luxury. On the basis of such themes, a battery of 34 attitudinal items was developed, pretested and administered. The attitudinal statements as well as the overall frequencies are presented in Table 1 and discussed in the following sections. Overall results tend to confirm conclusions obtained from qualitative research about the ambivalent nature of respondents feelings.As far as the concept itself is concerned for example, a majority of respondents considers that lux ury is synonymous with good taste, is grateful, not old-fashioned and useful but also flashy and too expensive for what it is. When commenting on their personal rapport to luxury, most respondents express a positive attitude (I like luxury, Im interested in luxury, Luxury makes me dream, Luxury products make life more beautiful) but also confess their relative lack of expertness (I dont know much about it, I could not talk about it for hours) and scarce purchase activity (I almost never buy luxury products).When asked (in a projective mode) to comment on others behavior, a vast majority subscribes to the hedonic motive (One buys luxury goods primarily for ones pleasure) and refutes the snobbish argument, but more than 50% of those who express an opinion consider that people who buy luxury products seek to imitate the rich and, on issues like people who buy luxury goods try to differentiate themselves from others or people who buy luxury products are refined people the sample is totally divided.Similarly, one out of two respondents does not support the idea of a heavier tax but one out of three welcomes such a proposal In order to improve our understanding of the underlying attitudinal organise, correlation and principal component analyses were performed. Rather than displaying the fully 34 x 34 correlation matrix, not easy to read (1156 coefficients), we decided to attempt to graphically represent the underlying structure, even though we recognize that it is not always possible to completely eliminate arbitrariness in positioning the items on the resulting map.Figure 1 depicts the map obtained when only intercorrelations higher than 0. 4 are considered. To make it easier to read and to interpret, all items which imply a favorable predisposition towards luxury are positioned on the left side of the figure while negative statements appear on the right side. Coefficients between 0. 40 and 0. 50 are indicated by dotted lines while solid lines correspond to c orrelations above 0. 50. Obviously, all coefficients are statistically significant. It appears that the backbone of perceptions and attitudes evolves around the attraction-avoidance dimension mentioned previously.The two attitudinal statements I like luxury and Im not interested in luxury exhibit a strong (negative) correlation, with an absolute value which is the highest one in the whole matrix. From such a map, a number of conclusions can be drawn 1. There are two basic reasons underlying the lack of interest in luxury. The first one is a negative perception of the luxury world, considered in an absolute, general and abstract sense. Those who adopt this perspective tend to describe luxury goods as useless, old-fashioned, too expensive and flashy.Since they fail to see much value in luxury items, they do not develop an appetite for them. 2. The second reason is more linked to a perceived lack of fit between the idiosyncratic and luxury. Those who feel this absence of connivence tend to explain it in terms of their own inexpertness, their uneasiness with luxury environments and an impression of artificiality when they wear their luxury items (in case they own some). All those factors logically result in a minimal involvement in both interest for luxury goods and acquisition behavior. 3. Although not reported on the map, the correlations between, on the one hand, those two sets of items and, on the other hand, the group of three statements related to the perceived reasons why others buy luxury goods (located at the extreme right of the figure) are statistically significant, typically in the 0. 20 0. 40 range.Those who dont feel at ease with luxury goods and admit their incompetence also tend to believe that others buy luxury items to imitate the rich or to differentiate themselves from the rest of the population. www. acrwebsite. org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx? Id=11539 2/4 3/4/13 Attitudes Towards the Concept of Luxury an Exploratory Analysis by Bernard Dubois and Gilles Laurent Those who believe that luxury goods are too expensive and flashy have a similar perception of the behavior of others. But the factors underlying such perceptions are not the same for both groups. While the former find one more reason to deepen the fissure which separates them from the world of luxury, it looks as if the latter have one more justification in support of their disdain of an environment perceived as sterile and futile.4. The two mechanisms underlying disinterest have their counterparts on the positive (left hand) side. Although not shown on the map, the correlation between I like luxury and I could talk about it for hours is highly significant (0. 32). People who like luxury also are people who feel knowledgeable about it, both in terms of expertise and familiarity (Alba and Hutchinson, 1987). The luxury world is their world and they move in it like a fish in water, as revealed by their strong opposition to the statement I almost never buy luxury goods. 5. But the appetite for luxury goods can be also developed on a more abstract and symbolic dimension (upper left corner). Those who adopt this viewpoint see the luxury word as a source of fascination and enlightment. Luxury products make them dream and contribute, in their opinion, to a more beautiful life. This ethereal perception of luxury is also the most hedonic of all in nature, as revealed by the strong correlations obtained with the items related to pleasure. Luxury becomes a permanent source of inspiration and happiness, almost a goal for life, far beyond transient fads and fashions.All these facets of luxury are easily confirmed by the rotated factor structure. Applying the varimax procedure to the table of intercorrelations yields the matrix reproduced in Table 2. Ten factors were extracted explaining about 60% of the variance. While the last six correspond to specific items (or pairs of items) not directly linked with the core attitudinal structure but useful to illustrate such topics as price perceptions and their consequences (Factor 5), or the scarcity issue (Factor 6), the first four correspond rather closely to the structure discussed previously.Factor 1 expresses the lack of interest due to limited expertise and familiarity, while Factor 2 corresponds to the positive evaluation of luxury goods fostered by hedonistic motives. Factor 3 summarizes the negative perceptions attached to the behavior of others and Factor 4 corresponds to the mythical and symbolic values attached to the luxury fairy tale. Taken together, these four factors contribute to a better understanding of the underlying structure and can be helpful for someone interested in developing a short scale intended to measure attitudes toward the concept of luxury.As an illustration, the factorial structure of a subset of twelve items appears on Table 3 and is rather straightforward in its interpretation While the first factor corresponds to perceptions related to the concept of Luxury in general, factor 2 expresses a more personal rapport to luxury, and the remaining two factors describe attitudes towards those who consume luxury items. CONCLUSIONS scorn the importance and growth of the luxury sector, the determinants of luxury acquisition and consumption have received very little attention in the consumer research literature.There is a distinct lack of systematic studies to model and test the processes whereby individuals develop an appetite for the world of luxury (or fail to do so). FIGURE 1 (/volumes/ap01/01276f01. gif) TABLE 2 (/volumes/ap01/01277t02. gif) (/volumes/ap01/01277t02. gif) FACTOR STRUCTURE (/volumes/ap01/01277t02. gif) Given its exploratory nature, the present research only represents a first step in the development of a model of luxury acquisition and consumption. Only the attitudes towards the concept in general have been investigated here.The dual nature of those attitudes has emerged as a major conclusion of both q ualitative and decimal data The structure of peoples predispositions towards luxury, as a concept, are affected both by their perception of the luxury world in general and their perceived personal fit with such a world. Future studies could investigate 1) the socio-demographic and psychographic elements associated with such predispositions 2) the role of specific product categories in the development of attitudes towards luxury and 3) the ontogenesis of these predispositions over time.A program of research on each of these topics is being conducted by the authors and its results will be reported in future contributions. TABLE 3 (/volumes/ap01/01278t03. gif) (/volumes/ap01/01278t03. gif) A TWELVE ITEM ATTITUDINAL SCALE ON THE CONCEPT OF LUXURY (/volumes/ap01/01278t03. gif) REFERENCES Alba, Joseph, W. and J. Wesley Hutchinson (1987), Dimension of Consumer Expertise, Journal of Consumer Research, 13, March, pp. 411-454. Andrus, David M. , Edward Silver and Dallas E. Johnson (1986), S tatus Brand Management and show Purchase A Discriminant Analysis, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol.3, Winter, pp. 5-13. ComitT Colbert (1993), Rapport 1992 Perspective 1993, Paris ComitT Colbert, and (1991), Rapport 1990 Perspective 1991 Paris ComitT Colbert. Dubois, Bernard and Patrick Duquesne (1993), Polarization Maps A New Approach to Identifying and Assessing matched Position The Case of Luxury Brands, Marketing and Research Today, vol. 21, n 2 (May), pp. 115-123 Dubois, Bernard and Patrick Duquesne (1993), The Market For Luxury Goods Income vs Culture, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 23, n1, pp. 35-44. www. acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings. aspx? Id=11539 3/4 3/4/13 Attitudes Towards the Concept of Luxury an Exploratory Analysis by Bernard Dubois and Gilles Laurent Dubois, Bernard and Gilles Laurent (1993), Is There a Euro-Consummer For Luxury Goods? , in Fred Van Raaij and Gary Bamossy (Eds), European Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 1, Pr ovo, UT, Association For Consumer Research, pp. 58-69. Hirschman Elizabeth (1988), Upper Class Wasps as Consumers A Humanistic Inquiry, in Elizabeth Hirschmann (Ed), Research in Marketing, vol.3, pp. 115-147, JAI Press Inc.LaBarbera, Priscilla A. (1988), The Nouveaux Riches Conspicuous expending and the Issue of Self Fulfillment, in Elizabeth Hirschman (Ed), Research in Marketing, vol. 3, pp. 179-210, JAI Press Inc. Leibenstein, H. (1950), Bandwagon, Snob and Veblen Effects in the scheme of Consumers Demand, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 64, n2, pp. 183-207 McKinsey Corp. (1990), The Luxury Industry An Asset for France, Paris McKinsey Mason,Roger (1981), Conspicuous Consumption, New-York, N.Y. St Martins Press Mason, Roger (1993), Cross Cultural Influences on the Demand for Status Goods in Fred Van Raaij and Gary Bamossy (Eds), European Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 1, Provo, U. T. , Association for Consumer Research, pp. 46-51 Sherry, John, Jr. , Mary-Ann McGrath an d Sidney Levy (1993), The Dark Side of the Gift, Journal of Business Research Stanley, Thomas J. (1988), Marketing to the Affluent, Homewood, Ill. Irwin Stanley Thomas J. (1989), Selling to the Affluent, Homewood, Ill. Irwin Veblen, Thorstein (1899), The Theory of the Leisure Class, New-York McMillan Wargnier, StTphane (1985), Analyse STmiologique des Produits de Luxe, MTmoire de DEA en STmiotique Paris E. H. E. S. S.. Weber, Daniel and Bernard Dubois (forthcoming), The Edge of Dream Managing the Brand Equity in the European Luxury Market in Lynn Kahle and M. Chiagouris (Eds), Values, Lifestyles and Psychographics, Hillsdale, N. J. Lawrence Elbaum Associates.. - www. acrwebsite. org/search/view-conference-proceedings. aspx? Id=11539.

Cola Wars Group Case Analysis Essay

After reviewing the case and doing an in-depth analysis of the industry, we found that the reduce industry is profitable for a variety of reasons. Chief amongst the reasons for the industrys favourableness is the remarkable net profit percentage at 35% (Exhibit1). When comp bed to the yahoo finance page that we viewed in class, the concentrate industry would rank amongst the top cardinal most profitable industries. If we compargon the concentrate industry to the bottling industry, we see that the concentrate industry dwarfs the bottling industry meager 9%.In fact, if we compare it to retail and cost-of-living index (measure of the average change in price of consumer items over time), it is evident that the price growth in the concentrate industry performs better than both measures from 1988 to 2000 (Exhibit 2). This suggest that non only is the concentrate more profitable than the retail function, but also, the concentrate industry is performing better (from a revenue standpoint) than the average house take a shit good. We can also see that from 1970 to 1998 on Exhibit 3 in the case, the consumption of carbonated drinks has consistently increased, whereas most other liquids arouse been inconsistent.Since carbonated drinks are dep give noticeent upon the concentrate producers, this data would suggest that he the concentrate industry has longevity along with the carbonated soft drink industry. Despite the great profitableness of the concentrate industry, there meet been very hardly a(prenominal) firms to successfully enter the industry. Using Porters Five Forces model, it is apparent why so few firms enter the concentrate business. Two of Porters Five Forces are very depressive disorder, the office staff of buyers and the business office of suppliers. The power of buyers is very important in each industry, and the lower the power of those buyers the better for the industry as a whole.However, there are two ways of looking at the power of buyers in the concentrate industry. First, the bottlers who are buy the concentrate and mixing it with the carbonated water and other ingredients have very low power. Coke and Pepsi have both consolidated bottlers and changed them because of price changes and other factors. Therefore, these buyers have no power because they can be easily replaced at a very little cost to the concentrate producers. The second way of looking at buyers in this industry is the consumer who is actually buying the end product.These consumers have a great deal of buying power. For example, the entire soda industry has been declining in new years collectible to a higher awareness of health concerns of drinking soda as well as other replacements being more appeal to customers, such as flavored water and sports drinks. Coke and Pepsi have been competing for foodstuff share and customers are the factor that affects market share. The companies are competing for the customers business, giving them higher power in the in dustry. The power of suppliers is also very low.The raw materials that supply the concentrate industry are not hard to find and have been replaced many times through verboten the history of the concentrate industry. The suppliers of the raw materials have no power over the concentrators and will not be able to affect the prices they sell their product for. This in turn, makes the industry that much more profitable because of this low power of suppliers. Another one of Porters Five Forces is panic of entry, which is very low for the concentrate industry due to the presence of so many entry barriers.There are seven barriers to entry supply-side economies of scale, demand-side economies of scale, customer switching cost, great(p) requirements, incumbency advantages fencesitter of size, and restrictive government policies. Supply-side economies of scale means when producing larger volumes, the cost per unit decreases. Coke and Pepsi concentrate producers have economies of scale due t o the fact that they have large capacity. With this large capacity, their fixed cost are lower than any rivals. The case stated that one concentrate plant could serve the entire United States.This increases the power that Coke and Pepsi concentrate producers already have. They also have demand-side economies of scale, meaning the existing concentrate producers have a very extensive network, and new entrants would be at a disadvantage if they decided to enter because Coke and Pepsi already rein the industry. Customer switching costs are low if talking about the end consumers of soft drinks, because consumers can easily switch from Coke to Pepsi without incurring extra costs. With respect to the customers being the bottlers, who buy the concentrate and finish the production process, their switching costs are much higher.The case mentioned contracts that the bottlers have with Coke and Pepsi, and if switching, the bottlers would have to go through extensive paperwork and deal with le gal concerns. Another barrier to entry is capital requirements. The concentrate industry is very unique and actually does not require very much capital investment to start things up. The majority of the concentrate producers costs are in marketing efforts, rather than the production of concentrate itself. However, this barrier is still high because all the investment Coke and Pepsi have put into create their brands is very high.If a new concentrate producer were to try to enter the industry, they would have to invest a lot of money into getting their name out there, and gaining a sizeable market share would be nearly impossible. This established brand leads to the mention of another entry barrier, incumbency advantages independent of size. Everyone knows who Coke and Pepsi are, and they have very high brand equity. This makes entry into the concentrate industry very difficult. There is also the experience aspect. The current concentrate producers know exactly what to do to keep cos ts down and produce a consistent product efficiently.A new entrant may run into some roadblocks strictly due to lack of experience. Both Coke and Pepsi have been in the industry for a very long time, so they have an immediate advantage. Unequal access to statistical distribution channels is another very high entry barrier for the concentrate industry. Coke and Pepsi have established relationships with suppliers and buyers of their product. A new entrant would have worry accessing channels of distribution, because they have all already contracted with one of the existing companies. The final barrier to entry is restrictive government policies.The case mentioned several issues with decree when speaking of Coke and Pepsis efforts to go international. For example, When Coke attempted to acquire Cadbury Schweppes international practice, it ran into regulatory roadblocks in Europe and in Mexico and Australia, where Cokes market shares exceed 50% (Page 14). There is also mention of a man datory certification for bottled water. This certification caused smaller local brands to fail. After analyzing all the barriers to entry, it is obvious that the threat of entry into the concentrate is very low, contributing even more to the industrys profitability.Threat of substitutes, another of Porters five forces, is also low in the concentrate industry. The soda industry is very profitable, with Americans drinking soda at higher levels than any other beverage. Traditional substitutes such as water, coffee, tea, and milk have never served as a real threat in concentrate producers 100 plus year history. In recent times, consumer trends have brought the increment of other alternatives including Diet Sodas and non-carb beverages. The Large concentrate producers have been on the vanguard of these trends, adapting new alternatives with a changing market.However, the primary concentrate companies, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Dr. Pepper still dominate the market. The brand power that has b een established over the last atomic number 6 is not likely to be challenged by a newcomer despite the low startup costs for concentrate factories. In essence, the major concentrate companies have become their own substitutes, transferring losses due to substitutes. Porters fifth force is disputation among existing competitors. While the two major concentrate industrys competitors initially had fierce competition, the threat of competition outside of Coke and Pepsi is relatively low.The signifier of price driven competition ended and now the Coke vs. Pepsi war is played out with differentiation through advertising and brand lifestyle. This form of co-operation, where prices rest relatively high with only temporary store promotions, increased the overall profitability for Coke and Pepsi. The brand loyalty established over the last century means that the threat of substitutes is low and competition is generally for marginal changes in market share. Rivalry among concentrate compa nies has also expanded to new venues, such as sports drinks and bottled water.But aside from the primary concentrate companies, there is no real threat to market share. This analysis confirms that all of Porters Five Forces are low, meaning industry profitability is high. Although high profitability would in most cases attract new firms to enter the industry, there are a variety of reasons that is not the case for the concentrate industry, as mentioned above. Coke and Pepsi have almost created an oligopoly out of the concentrate industry, and their strong brand identities will keep them far ahead of any possible entrants.

Allowing Gays To Adopt

In most moorings, the legality of bridal is based very strongly upon the principle of assume. Consent refers to the agreement by the claws p atomic number 18nts or the kids guardian (the person or the agency under whose custody the child is) to bend the child for bankers acceptance and to expel the rights and duties with regard to the child. The process of consenting requires that the birth p bents of the child nonify a judge or court officials in writing.Alternatively, a part from the biological p atomic number 18nts, other people resultant component their consent can be the agency in charge of the child, the guardians, the court of law, or a secretive relative or the next friend who has already attained the legal age. In some states such(prenominal) as the Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia for instance, the child should issue consent when or when above 14. sometimes this may be abnegated if the child is ment everyy ill. The execution of the consent normally t akes 13 days magical spell cases with the fastest ratification speed may take 12-24 hours.Heretofore, the next stage may differ since rules are state-specific. In most states, the written consent is notarized to the concerned public, while in other states the consenting raises are taken for counseling as touch sensation the matter. A provision for the revocation of the consent is normally very limited but in most cases, the sufferance process is irrevocable. States in which there are absolutely no provision for the revocation include Mississippi, Samoa and the Nebraska.The limited provision come in when the parents or guardians were defrauded, coerced or were under duress when issuing their consent. Some states also issue a time frame within which any case of disgruntlement can be aired by the parents. Conversely if the application to revoke the consent has been found to be in the hobby of the child or if both the biological parents and the adoptive parents confine reached t his consensus, it will be the duty of the court of law to consider the petition.The 14th amendment of the American constitution, a run civil war judicial reconstruction, was originally intended to bolster the 13th amendment which in turn had brought thrall to a grinding halt. This amendment was to promote the rights of the tropeer slaves. When it was proposed in the June 13, 1866, it spelt unwrap equal protection of all by the law, birthing the Separate but equal doctrine. This amendment placed all persons on the same al-Qaida since all became under 1 law. It is upon this concept of equality that the marginalized groups began to come out for equal recognition.Privacy rights such as abortion, homo evokeuality became subject to debates. Currently perhaps the most heated form of debate is the one touching on the prospects of comical espousal (Ricketts, 1991). The laws for the trounce interest of the child assume that for any normal child to develop well, this should happen und er the jurisdiction of the two parents. It is on this backdrop that in the best interest of the child, the law has come up with regulations which are geared towards the childs protection for instance, in case of a divorce.By default, the law stipulates that upon divorce, both parents should have equal access and responsibility to and over the child. This can solely be negated upon a parent being found to be harmful to the child. As far as the issue of the best interest of the child in relation to sunny parenting is concerned, the law is not just unified and therefore varies from one state to another. For instance gay parenting is prohibited in Florida but reconstructions are underway to recognize it in Alabama, Georgia, Ohio and Tennessee.The pro-gay parenting legal practitioners argue that it is better for a child to have a two parent family than a one parent one, and that it will be furthering the interest of the child since a two parent family can easily fend for the childs nee ds than if the child had one or no parent at all. A case these lawyers have brought to the fore is the fact that there are presently (Clifford, cycle per second, Doskow, Curry 2007)119,000 needy children in the US alone waiting to be adopted. Furthermore, they sterilise that children have more serious concerns than their parents sexual orientation.Discrimination against children raised by gay parents is not so far fetched compared to the discrimination encountered by gay parents. In America, this is not much of a caper compared to Australia where the parents are discriminated against in areas touching on taxation, social security, and workers compensation. The only case of discrimination against children with gay parents witnessed in Australia is limited to the peer groups and is always manifested in schools and in the neighborhood.This is because the Article 2 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child which was validate in the 1990 sternly warns against child discrimination of any kind (Ricketts, 1991). Although some maintain that there is no strong basis for the prohibition of the adoption by gay parenting, yet children rights and welfare agencies cite the child bearing studies on the other hand to maintain that children raised in heterosexual couplings thrive best emotionally, physically and mentally.They maintain that spates of violence are 2-3 times higher in homosexual marriages when compared to the heterosexual ones. In addition to this, they posit that homosexual marriages are always susceptible to dissolution with the normal gay marriage lasting 2-3 years and that homosexual activities are often marked with substance dependence, mental illnesses, suicidal tendencies and a shortened lifespan in comparison to heterosexual marriages.The proponents of same sex marriage and the adoption by the same sex parents have countered that these dysfunctions accrued by this group are as a result of the US socio-economic pressure, to which the opponents of ad option by the gay parents rebutted that the same pressure rests on the normative/conservative form of marriage without yielding such results (Lerner and Nagai 2001). They further deliberate that children adopted or reared under the same sex marriage are highly vulnerable to sexual confusion, homo sexual behavior and premature sex.Nevertheless, it moldiness be kept in mind that numerous strides have been made to entrench gay adoption and this has also produced gradual acceptance of the practice. A testimony to this is Florida which since 1977 had proscribed gay adoption but as per now efforts are in the offing to abrogate this law due to the push by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) on the Supreme Court. In the same vein, the 1997 ACLU fact sheet, the gay parenting statistics to confirm this discloses that approximately, 6-14 one million million million children are living under gay parenting.This could still be an understatement since most gays and lesbians are always reti cent about disclosing the structure of their families due to fear of losing children (Mc Gurry, 2003). These changing prospects can be attributed to the fact that the emphasis on traditional form of marriage is gradually waning, and the subsequent overturning of state laws to assimilate gay marriages is in force. A case in point is when the then president Bill Clinton, signed the Defense On sum Act (DOMA), thus giving way to same sex marriage in Hawaii (Rimmerman, Wald, Wilcox, 2000).Gay adoption is also growing because of the fast rate with which gay parenting is spreading. Gay parenting, apart from the normal procedure of adoption occurs when one partner pulls out of a heterosexual marriage while still maintaining the custody of a child and moves into a gay marriage or, through lesbians opting for an artificial insemination upon siring a child enters into an agreement with gay partners for adoption. The co-parent adoption occurs when one gay who has an adopted child with him move s in with a partner who automatically assumes the role of a co- parent.This practice is common in Washington, District of Columbia, Vermont, California, Minnesota, Alaska, and Oregon (Tonnerson, Andenaes and Wintemute, 2001). As touching on the constancy of the children, the children grow up healthy and well adjusted compared to those who have one or no parent at all. This scores highly with the concept of the best interest of a child since the childs financial and material needs are met. Conversely, the children under gay adoption turn out successfully just as the ones under heterosexual care.The American Psychological Association (AMA), out of its research maintain categorically that there was no evidence that children brought under gay adoption and parenting were susceptible to maladjustment or that they glowering out less intelligent or suffered low self esteem neither was there a connection between homosexuality and pedophilia or direct influence in the childs sexual orienta tion in future. On the contrary, the AMA observed that 90% of child sexual abuses were carried out by heterosexual men (Baker, 2005).To further dispel the misgivings on gay adoption, both the parents who want to adapt a child undergo a screening procedure which is a meticulous exercise meant to filter out those who have less prospects of making good parents. The fact that many potential gay parents navigate successfully these enchanted waters is a testimony of the type of parents they would make. Bibliography. Baker P. Public Discourses of Gay men. Rutledge joined States, 2005. Clifford D. Hertz F. Doskow E. Curry H. A Legal Guide for Lesbian and Gay Couples. Nolo United States, 2007. Lerner R. Negai A.No Basis What studies dont tell us about parenting. Marriage Law Projects /Ethics and Public Policy Center United States, 2001. Mc Garry J. K. Fatherhood for Gay Men Emotional and Practical Guide to becoming a gay dad. Haworth Press United States, 2003. Ricketts W. Lesbians and Gay me n as foster parents. Wendel/ Ricketts United States, 1991. Rimmerman A. C. Wald D. K. Wilcox C. The Politics of Gay Rights University of clams United States, 2000. Tonnerson M. Andenaes R. Wintemute M. Legal Recognition of Same Sex Partnership A Study of National and European Law. Hart Publishing