The Immigration Of The United States Essay - 2176 Words

â€Å"Immigration to the United States has occurred in waves, one of the largest of which consisted of nearly 28 million people between 1880 and the late 1920’s. â€Å"The newcomers living in various countries throughout the world decided to leave there root of origin and immigrate to the United States for various reasons, some of which included freedom from political and religious persecution, famine, or to experience the American Dream of perceived economic opportunity. Once settled; immigrants were often stereotyped and discriminated against because they were â€Å"different†. Social Justice was nonexistent as Employers often took advantage of immigrants, men were paid less than other workers and women were paid less than men. (Library of Congress, 1990) The numbers of newcomers dropped dramatically in 1924, when Congress passed highly restrictive immigration legislation.†(Bankston, Carl L., 1999). â€Å"As time has passed the United States Immigration laws have made it increasing more desirable for individuals to seek illegal entry as opposed to the legal process. High regulation and subject to numerical limitations and eligibility requirements consisting of necessary family or employment relationship and lack of access to humanitarian protection, such as refuge or asylum status have played a significant role.†(American Immigration Council, March 2012) â€Å"Although a self-professed nation of immigrants, the United States has historically shown ambivalence toward newcomers who enter theShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesA native of Mexico, Gonzalez came to the United States using a visa, to visit family members and in 1994, police convicted Gonzalez of the abduction and rape of a Waukegan, Illinois woman. During his conviction his attorney, Vanessa Potkin, addressed that at twenty years old, Gonzalez spoke very little English, had no criminal record, and yet the police wanted to pin the crime on him. Twenty years later, DNA from the crime cleared him of both charges, and Gonzalez is now threatened with deportationRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. O pening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinionRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and European to settle in the New World. Since the colonial era, America has seen a wave of immigrants migrate in search of freedom and equality. Is this the same immigration today? Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

Aquinas and Descartes View of Knowledge - 1433 Words

Knowledge Aquinas and Descartes have different ideas on how humans gain knowledge in the world. Both philosophers need to define what the human body is composed of in order to determine how we gain knowledge. For Aquinas intellect comes from the soul and the body working in unison. The soul is the substantial form of a living material thing. It is the actuality of a living material substance. Even though the rational soul is what differentiates humans from other living things, it does not make us human beings. Aquinas writes that we could maintain this if we were to suppose that the activities of sensory souls are proper to such souls apart from bodies. (Aquinas 62) Aquinas is saying that we would be able to say that the human†¦show more content†¦Objective reality is the reality of ideas or thoughts, while formal reality is the cause of our ideas or thoughts. For example I see desk in our classroom. There could be a powerful being giving us the idea of desks, senses actually taking in desks, or I expect desks to be there so I create the idea of desks. When Descartes considers the example of God, he uses the same experiment to explain how we come to the idea of God or an all powerful being. I am not perfect, and I have never sensed or experienced perfection. Can the all powerful demon be giving me this image of perfection? No, because to deceive is an imperfection. The only possible explanation for the cause of our reason of perfection is God. From these considerations it is quite obvious that he cannot be a deceiver, for it is manifest by the light of nature that all fraud and deception depend on some defect. ( Descartes 80) Also Descartes goes on to say that it is more perfect to exist than not to exist. Therefore if the definition of God is perfect, then God must exist. Descartes says that we understand and learn through two things that God gives us. In order to make perfect decisions or the right conclusions we must be clear and distinct in what we decide. Clear refers to something that I cannot help but to take notice of, and distinct is something IShow MoreRelatedThe Existence Of Saint Thomas Aquinas And Ren?ï ¿ ½ Descartes1460 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers have attempted to prove God’s existence: Saint Thomas Aquinas and Renà © Descartes. Despite having been influenced by the former, Descartes’ arguments––while similar to Aquinas’––are reached through noticeably different methods. To analyze Aquinas’ proof for God’s existence, it is important to first analyze his definition of God––or â€Å"How We Know God†Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ¢â‚¬â€œ as outlined in the Summa of Theology (Qu. 12). Simply put by Aquinas, â€Å"[God] is (1) the cause of all, and that creatures differ from himRead MoreEssay Before and After Christianity741 Words   |  3 Pagesbecame widespread, thinkers had to contend with a new source of knowledge- one based on faith rather than on what appeared self-evident to the human mind. Early Christians justified their dependence on faith in different ways. Some embraced fideism and favored faith even without or over reason. Others engaged and melded their new traditions with older ones. Thomas Aquinas describes and responds to several challenges of Christianity. Aquinas asserts that the study of God as revealed in Christianity,Read MorePhilosophy C100 Quiz 121572 Words   |  7 PagesPREVIEW: PHIL C100 Quiz 1 —   Ã‚  P A G E   Ã‚  1  Ã‚   — 1.    The word philosophy comes from the Greek philein (to love) and sophia (knowledge or wisdom).    X | True |    | False | 2.    Which of the following is a philosophical question:    | Is there a God? |    | Does the end justify the means? |    | What form of government is best? |    | What is Time? |   X | All of the above. | 3.   An argument is a reason for accepting a position.    X | True |    | False | 4.    The area of philosophyRead MoreThomas Aquinas : The Nature Of The Body951 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Aquinas makes the argument that the soul is not a body and expresses that it is part of the body itself. The mind is aware of the soul and to attempt to find the nature of the soul, he must premise that the soul is the first principle of life of animate and inanimate things. Life can be shown by both knowledge and movement. The soul is not a body but the first principle and act of a body, like the principle of seeing are the eyes. Aquinas is not a substance dualist like Descartes even thoughRead MoreThe Argument Of The Existence Of God1480 Words   |  6 Pagesa greater being, that being must exist in the mind and reality. Renà © Descartes was a western philosopher who is considered to be the father of modern philosophy. He composed an ontological arguments, which differed from Anselm s idea. It is a less formal argument than Anselm’s. Descartes argued that God s existence can be deduced from his nature, just as geometric ideas can be deduced from the nature of shapes (Descartes, 55). He claims that God embodies all perfections and is supremely perfectRead MoreMontaigne and Augustine1359 Words   |  6 Pagesbegin to find peace and wholeness with God. Thus it matters greatly as to whom we side with for that decision is truly a reflection of how we see the human state to be; inherently good or inherently evil. Through the eyes of Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes, we shall take in the landscape of Medieval and Renaissance philosophy in a micro/macro cosmic relationship that is, how their philosophies mirrored the thoughts and feelings of the given period. On one hand, an aspect of medieval philosophyRead MoreExamine and Comment on the Claim That the Mind and the Body Are the Same703 Words   |  3 Pagesare the same is the view that hard materialists take. Hard materialists believe that when either the body or soul dies, the other dies too. This means that they believe there is no after life, no purgatory etc. Ryle and Dawkins are hard materialists; they also think that believing in the soul is dangerous to human endeavour. Being a hard materialist, Dawkins and Ryle would believe that the body and soul are purely physical and they are one. Scholars such as Plato and Descartes are dualists. DualistsRead MoreHow did Descartes Explain the Relationship between Mind and Body? 1092 Words   |  5 Pagessomething different from the body and each of them works by themselves without any interaction between them (Radner, 1971). The other point of view said that body and mind works together as a unity and mutually influences each other and the result is the human being. This view had been held by great figures like the Greek philosopher Aristotle and Aquinas (Radner, 1971). Who argued that there should be a connection between mind-soul and body, because only in this way sensation and voluntary movementRead MoreDualism And The Separation Of Mind And Body Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagescreated beings and that moral evil is a consequence of the created beings having free will. Physical and moral evil are not supposed to be seen as a positive matter. Secondly, the term is occupied in opposition to monism to symbolize the ordinary view that the existing universe consists of two entirely different kinds of substance. These two different substances are body and mind, matter and spirit. This terminology of dualism is the most common in modern philosophy, where it is specifically contrastedRead MorePhilosophy Essay on Self1800 Words   |  8 PagesThinking 2013-5 Statement of authorship I certify that this literature review is my own work and contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in any institute, college or university. Moreover, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the dissertation. Name Signed _________________________________________________ Date ___________________________________________________

The Different Styles of Music in America free essay sample

America America is known for its diversity in many ways, including music. The melting pot that is the United States has been filled with many different cultures, religions, and ethnicities that have influenced music. Three very distinctive genres of music are jazz, country, and rap. Each has Its own style, beat, and feeling, and each of them has a very different origin. Rap, which Is also called hip-hop, originated In New York City In the sasss. Some of the original rappers in that period were Grandmaster Flash and Africa Bumboat. Hip-hops synthesized beat and rhythmically spoken lyrics are very unique to the style. When It was first created, It was mainly targeted and listened to by the African- American community, but today It has become more mainstream. Some contemporary rappers are Mine, Drake, and Jay-Z. Country music is often thought of as Americas music. It originated from the Western folk music and bluegrass of the sasss. We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Styles of Music in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It uses a variety of instruments such as banjos, guitars, violins, fiddles, harmonicas, and even jugs. Since the classics likeLoretta Lynn, Dolly Parrot, and Willie Nelson, country music has stayed consistent in popularity and has brought new stars such as Carrie underworld, Taylor Swift, and Blake Shelton. It has and will remain to be a strong, patriotic symbol of our country. Perhaps one of the most unique sounding styles of music is Jazz. It is an often improvised and random compilation of notes and sounds from all sorts of instruments. It started in New Orleans, the Home of Jazz, in the early twentieth century. The Jazz Age was a time when the classic Jazz musicians such as LouisArmstrong, Count Basis, Duke Elongating, and Glenn Miller emerged. Today, jazz music has remained a part of American culture and has continued through musicians like Wanton Marshals, Hereby Hancock, and Dave Bruce who have stayed akin to the traditional sounds of Jazz. The diversity of America has shown through its music In many ways. The three genres I have described each have Its own specific style, feeling, and background because each was influenced by the different cultures that have merged Into American society.As Billy Joel once said, It (music) Is an explosive expression of immunity. Its something we are all touched by. With all of Its diversity, this music perfectly represents America. By Guatemala jazz, country, and rap. Each has its own style, beat, and feeling, and each of them has Rap, which is also called hip-hop, originated in New York City in the sasss. Some style. When it was first created, it was mainly targeted and listened to by the African- American community, but today it has become more mainstream. Some as banjos, guitars, violins, fiddles, harmonicas, and even Jugs.Since the classics like popularity and has brought new stars such as Carrie Underworld, Taylor Swift, and Armstrong, Count Basis, Duke Elongating, and Glenn Miller emerged. Today, Jazz music The diversity of America has shown through its music in many ways. The three genres I have described each have its own specific style, feeling, and background because each was influenced by the different cultures that have merged into American society. As Billy Joel once said, It (music) is an explosive expression of humanity. Its something we are all touched by.

The Battle of Midway in the Pacific Essay Example For Students

The Battle of Midway in the Pacific Essay Nothing distinguished the dawn of June 2, 1942, from countless other dawns thathad fallen over tiny Midway atoll in the North Pacific. Nothing, that is, exceptthe tension, the electric tension of men waiting for an enemy to make his move. On Midways two main islands, Sand and Eastern, 3,632 United States Navy andMarine Corps personnel, along with a few Army Air Force aircrews, stood atbattle stations in and near their fighters, bombers, and seaplanes, waiting forthe Japanese attack they had been expecting for weeks. The carrier battle ofMidway, one of the decisive naval battles in history, is well documented. Butthe role played by the Midway garrison, which manned the naval air station onthe atoll during the battle, is not as well known. Midway lies 1,135 miles west-northwest of Pearl Harbor, Oahu. The entire atoll is barely six miles indiameter and consists of Sand and Eastern islands surrounded by a coral reefenclosing a shallow lagoon. Midway was discovered in 1859 and annexed by theUnited States in August 1867. Between 1903 and 1940, it served both as a cablestation on the Honolulu GuamManila underwater telegraph line and as an airportfor the Pan American Airways China Clipper (Miracle 5). In March 1940, after are port on U.S. Navy Pacific bases declared Midway second only to Pearl Harbor inimportance, construction of a formal naval air station began. Midway Naval AirStation was placed in commission in August 1941. By that time, Midwaysfacilities included a large seaplane hangar and ramps, artificial harbor, fuelstorage tanks and several buildings. Sand Island was populated by hundreds ofcivilian construction workers and a defense battalion of the Fleet Marine Force,while Eastern Island boasted a 5,300-foot airstrip. Commander Cyril T. Simard, aveteran naval pilot who had served as air officer on the carrier USS Langley andas executive officer at the San Diego Air Station, was designated the atollscommanding officer. Along with the naval personnel manning the air station was adetachment of Marines. The first detachment was from the Marine 3rd DefenseBattalion; it was relieved on September 11, 1941, by 34 officers and 750 menfrom the 6th Defense Battalion under the command of Lt. Col. Harold D . Shannon,a veteran of World War I and duty in Panama and Hawaii. Shannon and Simardmeshed into an effective team right away. World War II began for Midway at 6:30a.m. December 7, 1941, when the garrison received word of the Japanese attack onPearl Harbor. At 6:42 p.m., a Marine sentry sighted a flashing light out at seaand alerted the garrison. Three hours later, the Japanese destroyers Sazanamiand Ushio opened fire, damaging a seaplane hangar, knocking out the Pan Americandirection finder and destroying a consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat. TheJapanese retired at 10:00 p.m., leaving four Midway defenders dead and 10wounded. On December 23, 1941, Midways air defenses were reinforced with 17SB2U-3 Vought Vindicator dive bombers, 14 Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, andpilots and aircrews originally intended for the relief of Wake Island. TheBuffaloes and Vindicators were cast-off aircraft, having been replaced by theDouglas SBD-2 Dauntless dive bombers and Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat fi ghters on U.S. We will write a custom essay on The Battle of Midway in the Pacific specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now aircraft carriers. The Buffaloes became part of MarineFighter Squadron 221 (VMF-221), while the Vindicators were put into Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 241(VMSB-241), both making up Marine Air Group 22 (MAG-22) under Lt. Col. Ira B. Kimes. Midway settled into a routine of training and anti-submarine flights,with little else to do except play endless games of cards and cribbage, andwatch Midways famous albatrosses, nicknamed gooney birds, in action (Stevens56). Then, in May 1942, Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto, commander in chief of theJapanese Combined Fleet, came up with a plan, called Operation Mi, to draw outthe U.S. Pacific Fleet by attacking Midway. Using Midway as bait and gathering avast naval armada of eight aircraft carriers, 11 battleships, 23 cruisers, 65destroyers and several hundred fighters, bombers and torpedo planes, Yamamotoplanned to crush the Pacific Fleet once and for all. Alerted by his code-breakers that the Japanese planned to seize Midway, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,commander in chief, Pacific Command, flew to the atoll on May 2, 1942, to make apersonal inspection. Following his inspection, Nimitz took Simard and Shannonaside and asked them what they needed to defend Midway. They told him theirr equirements. If I get you all these things, can you hold Midway against amajor amphibious assault? Nimitz asked the two officers. Yes, sir! Shannonreplied. It was good enough for Nimitz, who returned to Oahu (Robertson 58). OnMay 20, Shannon and Simard received a letter from Admiral Nimitz, praising theirfine work and promoting them to captain and full colonel, respectively. ThenNimitz informed them that the Japanese were planning to attack Midway on May 28;he outlined the Japanese strategy and promised all possible aid. On May 22, asailor accidentally set off a demolition charge under Midways gasoline supply. The explosion destroyed 400,000 gallons of aviation fuel, and also damaged thedistribution system, forcing the defenders to refuel planes by hand from 55-gallon drums. All the while the Marines continued digging gun emplacements,laying sandbags and preparing shelters on both islands. Barbed wire sproutedalong Midways coral beaches. Shannon believed that it would stop the Japaneseas it had stopped the Germans in World War I. He ordered so much strung that oneMarine exclaimed: Barbed wire, barbed wire! Cripes, the old man thinks we canstop planes with barbed wire (Miracle 27)! The defenders also had a largesupply of blasting gelatin, which was used to make anti-boat mines and boobytraps. On May 25, while the work continued, Shannon and Simard got some goodnews. The Japanese attack would come between June 3 and 5, giving them anotherweek to prepare. That same day, the light cruiser St. Louis arrived, to deliveran eight-gun, 37mm anti-aircraft battery from the Marine 3rd Defense Battalio nand two rifle companies from the 2nd Raider Battalion. On May 26, the ferry USSKittyhawk arrived with 12 3-inch guns, 5 M-3 Stuart light tanks, 16 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers, and 7 Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters, along with 22pilotsmost of them fresh out of flight school, May 29 saw the arrival of fourMartin B-26 Marauder medium bombers from the 22nd Bomb Group. These planes werespecially rigged to carry torpedoes and led by Captain James Collins. That sameday, 12 Navy PBY-5A Catalinas joined the 12 PBY-5s stationed on Midway. Beginning on May 30, Midways planes began searching for the Japanese. Twenty-two PBYs from Lt. Cmdr. Robert Brixners Patrol Squadron 44 (VP-44) andCommander Massie Hughes VP-23 took off from Midway lagoon, then headed out inan arc stretching 700 miles from Midway in search of the Japanese. Midway gotfurther air reinforcement on June 1 when six new Grumman TBF torpedo bombers,commanded by Lieutenant Langdon K. Fieberling, arrived. None of the TBF pilotshad ever been in combat, and only a few had ever flown out of sight of landbefore. The TBF would later be named Avenger in honor of its combat introductionat Midway. By June 1, both Sand and Eastern islands were ringed with coastaldefenses. Six 5-inch guns, 22 3-inch guns and four old Navy 7-inch guns wereplaced along the coasts of both islands for use as anti-aircraft and anti-boatguns. As many as 1,500 mines and booby traps were laid underwater and along thebeaches. Ammunition dumps were placed all around the islands, along with cache sof food for pockets of resistance and an emergency supply of 250 55-gallongasoline drums. Midway had practically everything it needed for its defense. Along with the 121 aircraft crowding Eastern Islands runways, Midway had 11 PT-boats in the lagoon to assist the ground forces with anti-aircraft fire. A yachtand four converted tuna boats stood by for rescue operations, and 19 submarinesguarded Midways approaches. Even with those preparations, there were problems. The air stations radar, an old SC-270 set installed on Sand Island, showed manyblips that were more often albatrosses than aircraft. Also, there was no planfor coordinating Midways air operations, which were dependent on a mixture ofArmy Air Force, Navy and Marine pilots and crews. With that in mind, Midwayscommanders believed their only chance was to attack the Japanese carriers whenthey were located, in the hope of catching them with their planes on deck. Thismeant exquisitely precise timing, a monumental dose of luck, or both, AdmiralNimitz explained. Balsas Midways air force must be employed to inflictprompt and early damage to Jap carrier flight decks if recurring attacks are tobe stopped. By June 2, the Pacific Fleets three aircraft carriersEnterprise, Hornet and Yorktownwere in position northeast of Midway, but onlya few key officers were aware that Midways defenders would be supported by them. Midways Navy pilots were told not to expect any help from the U.S. carriers;theyre off defending Hawaii. Midways only chance was for Nimitzs carriers totake the Japanese by surprise. Early on the morning of June 3, the PBYs of VP-44and VP-23 took off on their 700-mile search missions, joined by B-17 FlyingFortresses on their own search and attack missions. The remaining aircraft onMidway were armed, fueled and waiting for orders to take to the air once theJapanese carriers were located. At 9:04 a.m., Ensign Charles R. Eaton,patrolling 470 miles from Midway, sighted three ships and got a burst of anti-aircraft fire for his trouble. Eaton quickly radioed Midway with the first enemyship contact report of the battle. Seven hundred miles west of Midway, EnsignJack Reid flew his PBY-5A across a largely empty ocean, nearing the end of theoutward leg of his patrol. He found nothing of interest and started to turn back. .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .postImageUrl , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:hover , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:visited , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:active { border:0!important; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:active , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: After Reconstruction EssayJust as he did, Reid saw some specks on the horizon 30 miles ahead. At first hethought they were dirt spots on the windshield. Then he looked again and shoutedto his co-pilot, Ensign Gerald Hardeman, Do you see what I see? Youre damnedright I do, Hardeman replied (Miracle 49). At 9:25 a.m., Reid radioed, Sightedmain body, to Midway and began tracking the Japanese ships. Midway ordered Reidto amplify his report, and at 9:27 he radioed, Bearing 262 degrees, distance700. At 10:40 he reported, Six large ships in column At 11 a.m., Elevenships, course 090 degrees, speed 19. At 11:30, Reid was ordered to return toMidway (Stevens 96). At 12:30, a flight of nine B-17 bombers, each armed withfour 600-pound bombs and led by Lt. Col. Walter C. Sweeney, took off (Lucas 28). Three-and-a-half hours later, the B-17s found the Japanese ships 570 miles fromMidway and attacked from out of the sun. Sweeney reported seeing two shipsburning after the strike. In reality, Sweeneys B-17s scored no hits on theJapanese ships, and the return flight to Midway proved every bit as harrowing asthe attack itself. With their fuel almost exhausted, the B-17s came within sightof Eastern Island at 8:30 p.m. The last Flying Fortress landed at 9:45 p.m. While Sweeneys B-17s returned from their attack, another strike of four PBYCatalinas, each armed with a torpedo and led by Lieutenant W.L. Richards, leftMidway at 9:15 p.m. to attack the Japanese. All four PBYs returned safely,claiming three torpedo hits. One torpedo hit the bow of the tanker Akebono Maru,killing 13 sailors and wounding 11; the transport Kiosumi Maru lost a fewcrewmen to strafing. June 4 began for Midways defenders at 3:00 a.m. withreveille. All gun positions on both islands were manned as pilots and aircrewsstood by their planes. At 4:00 a.m., six F4F Wildcats from Major Floyd B. RedParks VMF-221 took off on combat air patrol. They were followed by 11 PBYs fromVP-44, searching for the Japanese carriers, and 16 B-17s led by Sweeney thatwere to attempt another attack on the Japanese transports. At 4:30 a.m., thecarriers of Vice Adm. Chuichi Nagumos First Striking ForceAkagi, Kaga, Hiryuand Soryulaunched their aircraft. Fifteen minutes later, 36 Nakajima B5N2 Katetorpe do bombers, 36 Aichi D3A1 Val dive bombers and 36 Mitsubishi A6M2 Zerofighters were on their way to Midway. At 5:30, Lieutenant Howard P. Ady emergedfrom a cloud bank and spotted Nagumos carriers. Ady radioed Midway, Carrierbearing 320 degrees, distance 180. Ady ducked back into the clouds and circledthe Japanese fleet, radioing again, 0553, Two carriers and main body of ships,carriers in front, course 135 degrees, speed 34. Fifteen minutes after Adyssighting, Lt. j.g. William Chase, flying south of Adys sector, saw a formationof Japanese fighters and bombers. Chase quickly radioed: Many enemy planesheading Midway bearing 320 degrees, distance 150. On Midway, radar on SandIsland picked up the approaching Japanese planes at 5:53. Air raid sirens wailed,and all personnel raced to their dugouts and gun positions. Major Parks 21Buffaloes and six Wildcats scrambled into the air, followed by LieutenantFieberlings six TBFs and Captain Collins four B-26s. Major Hendersons divebombers were l ast to take off. By 6:16, all 66 of Midways aircraft wereairborne. While the bombers headed toward the Japanese carriers, Parks led sixBuffaloes and three Wildcats to intercept the 108 oncoming Japanese planes. Captain John Carey, leading the three Wildcats in Parks flight, was first tosight the Japanese. Tallyho! Hawks at angels twelve! Carey radioed. TheJapanese bombers flew in a large V formation, trailed by gaggles of Zeros. Careyrolled his Wildcat and screamed into the V, blowing a Kate apart with hisfour.50-caliber machine guns, then zoomed up for another attack. Japanese reargunners raked his Wildcat, riddling Careys legs. Second Lieutenant Clayton M. Canfield followed Carey into his attack, destroying a Kate. Canfield saw Zerosdiving on him. A 20mm cannon shell damaged his Wildcat, and he pulled up intothe clouds and lost his pursuers. Coming out of the clouds, Canfield joinedCarey and led him back to Midway. Captain Marion E. Carl, flying the thirdWildcat, was jumped by several Zeros after attacking the Kates and was forced tobreak off his attack. While the Wildcats fought for their lives, Parks led hissix Buffaloes in an attack on the Kates. The Marines managed one pass beforethey were overwhelmed by the Zeros. Parks and four other Marines were killed. Only Lieutenant Daniel J. Irwin survived. He managed to fly his damaged Buffaloback to Midway with Zeros after him all the way. Their gunnery was very good,Irwin reported, and I doubt if on any run they missed hitting my plane. VMF-221s 12 reserve fighters, led by Captains Daniel J. Hennessy and Kirk Armstead,also attacked the Japanese planes (Lucas 104). Hennessys six Buffaloes smashedinto the bombers and were jumped by the escorting Zeros, which destroyed four ofthem. Only two of Hennessys men survived. Armsteads Buffaloes intercepted theJapanese a few miles from Midway and downed three Kates before the rampagingZeros destroyed three of them. Observing the dogfight from the ground,Lieutenant Charles Hughes said that the Buffaloes looked like they were tied toa string while the Zeros made passes at them. The Japanese pushed relentlesslytoward Midway. To Marine Pfc Phillip Clark at D Battery on Sand Island, theJapanese formations looked like three wisps of clouds far out on the horiz on.On Sand and Eastern, the Marines and sailors waited for the attack. An observermarveled at the very calmlackadaisical air with which the defenders waitedfor the strike, as though they had been living through this sort of thing alltheir lives(Stevens 98). Open fire when targets are in range, 6th Battalionheadquarters notified all guns at 6:30 a.m. One minute later, Midways gunsopened fire. A Kate erupted into flames and dove straight down. A second Katecrashed into the lagoon, missing the PT-boats. The remaining Kates struck SandIsland, destroying three oil tanks and setting fire to a seaplane hangar. Theattack on Eastern Island began with an unforgettable incident. Suddenly theleading Jap plane peeled off, an eyewitness wrote. He dove down about 100 feetfrom the ground, turned over on his back and proceeded leisurely flying upsidedown over the ramp. The Marines watched for a few seconds, then opened fire andshot him down. Val dive bombers struck VMF-221s arming pit, killing fourm echanics and exploding eight 100-pound bombs and 10,000 rounds of .50-calibermachine-gun ammunition. Another Val demolished Easterns powerhouse, disruptingMidways electricity and water distillation plant. Japanese efforts to renderEasterns runways useless were unsuccessful; only two small craters were left onthe landing strips. Midways defenders fought back with everything they had. Major Dorn E. Arnold of the 6th Defense Battalion fired a Browning AutomaticRifle at the enemy; a sailor on Sand Island used a Colt .45. Second LieutenantElmer Thompson and another Marine fired a .30-caliber machine gun from acrippled SB2U. The Japanese attack ended at 6:48 a.m. The all-clear sounded onMidway at 7:15, and the process of picking up the pieces began. Kimes orderedVMF-221s fighters to land. Six Buffaloes staggered in. Including four aircraftthat landed during the raid, only 20 U.S. fighters had survived. Of those, onlyone Wildcat and a single Buffalo were fit to fly. Fifteen Buffaloes and twoWildcats were shot down, and 13 pilots were killed. Eleven Japanese aircraftwere downed by the fighters and anti-aircraft fire, while 53 were damaged. Colonel Shannons trenches, bunkers and revetments proved effective. Only 11 ofMidways ground defenders were killed and 18 wounded. None of Midways planeswere caught on the ground except for an old utility biplane and a decoy planemade of crates and tin roofing called the JFU (Jap fouler-upper)(Robertson 15). While Midway repaired its damage and its defenders licked their wounds, theaircraft that were sent out to attack the Japanese carriers made contact. Lieutenant Langdon Fieberlings six TBFs reached the Japanese fleet at 7:10,dropped to low altitude and bore on toward the carriers. So many Zeros swarmedaround the vulnerable torpedo planes that the fighters got in each others way. Two TBFs were destroyed in the first attack, followed by three more. Realizingthat he could not reach the carriers, Ensign Albert K. Earnest loosed historpedo at a cruiser, then broke away with two Zeros after him. Earnest flew hisshot-up TBF back to Midway, navigating by guess and by God. Close behind theTBFs, Captain James Collins led his four B-26 Marauders into a gauntlet of anti-aircraft fire and six Zeros. Collins led his planes down to 200 feet above thewater and, followed by Lieutenant James P. Muri, pressed on toward the carrierAkagi. Collins released his torpedo 850 yards from the carrier and pulled away. .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .postImageUrl , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:hover , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:visited , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:active { border:0!important; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:active , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism EssayMuri released his torpedo at 450 yards, then turned and flew down the middle ofAkagis flight deck. Once Muris B-26 was clear of Akagi, the Zeros attackedwith a vengeance, wounding two crewmen and riddling the landing gear, fuel tanks,propeller blades, radio and the top of one wing. Despite that punishment, Muriand Collins were the only survivors of the four-plane B-26 group. Then, at 7:48,the TBF and B-26 attacks were followed by VMSB-241s 16 Dauntless and Vindicatordive bombers led by Major Lofton Henderson. Henderson had divided the squadroninto two flights, leading the SBDs himself while Major Benjamin W. Norris ledthe Vindicators. As Henderson led the squad ron northwest, the faster Dauntlessessoon left the Vindicators behind. Hendersons SBDs got their first look at theJapanese carriers at 7:25, and he radioed his Dauntless pilots, Attack the twoenemy CV on the port bow. Henderson had led his squadron down to 4,000 feetwhen the Japanese combat air patrol attacked. The Dauntlesses also met withheavy anti-aircraft fire from the Japanese ships. Hendersons plane was hit, andhis port wing caught fire. He tried to keep his burning Dauntless in the lead,but finally lost control and plunged into the sea. Captain Elmer C. Gliddenquickly took command of the Dauntlesses. Fighter attacks were heavy, he wrote,so I led the squadron down through a protecting layer of clouds(Stevens 102). The Zeros followed the Marines into the clouds. Glidden came out of the cloudsand found two Japanese carriers, Kaga and Hiryu, 2,000 feet below. The 10remaining Dauntlesses dived to 500 feet or lower before releasing their bombs,then sped away at full throttle, hounded by Zeros. Three SBDs crashed at seanear Midway. Their crews were later rescued. The remaining six, some badly shotup, reached Midway. Eight SBDs, including Hendersons, were lost, with theJapanese sustaining no damage. Sweeneys 15 Flying Fortresses arrived overNagumos fleet at 8:10, as the Dauntlesses finished their attacks. Seen from20,000 feet, the Japanese fleet was an astonishing sight, recalled B-17 pilotDon Kundinger. A panoramic view of the greatest array of surface vessels any ofus had ever seenthey seemed to stretch endlessly from horizon to horizon.Each three-plane B-17 element attacked on its own. Lieutenant Colonel BrookeAllens element unloaded its bombs on the carrier Soryu, but all fell short. Sweeney targeted Kaga, bracketing her stern with, he believed, one bomb hitcausing heavy smoke (Robertson 22). Three Zeros ganged up on Captain CecilFaulkeners bomber, riddling its fuselage and wounding the tail gunner. AnotherZero dueled with Captain Paul Paynes Fortress but never closed in. The Zerosbarely touched the B-17s, Captain Paul Gregory reported. Enemy pursuitappeared to have no desire to close on B-17E modified(Young 25). The B-17sfinished their attack by 8:20 and returned to Midway. Sweeney believed his B-17shad hit at least one of the Japanese carriers. In reality, they had not. Shortlyafter the B-17s left, Major Benjamin Norris 11 Vindicators arrived and Zerosswarmed over them(Miracle 45). Norris, with no illusions about his oldVibrators, decided not to press on toward the carriers. He led his men intosome clouds. Coming out of the cloud cover, Norris discovered a battleship below. It was Haruna, supposedly sunk in December 1941. Attack target below, Norrisradioed, and he led the Vindicators into a high-speed glide. Anti-aircraft gunson Haruna opened fire with an extremely heavy and troublesome but inaccuratebarrage(Stevens 121). Only two of Major Norris Vindicators were lost duringthe attack. Three ditched at sea near Midway because of battle damage. Despitereports that they had scored two direct hits and three near-misses, theVindicator pilots had not even scratched Haruna. If the Battle of Midway hadended with the return of VMSB-241s Vindicators, it would have been anothervictory for the Japanese. Midway had sent 52 aircraft against the Japanese andlost 19 without scoring a single hit. From the time of the attack and the knownposition of the enemy carriers, we estimated they would be back in three or fourhours, Kimes wrote (Stevens 54). Only six Dauntlesses, seven Vindicators, oneBuffalo and a single Wildcat were left to oppose the Japanese. The defenders of Midway steadied themselves for another air raid. Nothing happened. The onlyaircraft to show up were 11 Dauntlesses from the carrier Hornet at 11:00 a.m. Some Marine gunners, believing they were Japanese planes, opened fire on theSBDs before recognizing their silhouettes. The Dauntlesses were refueled andback in the air by 2:00 p.m. At 3:58, Midways defenders received an indicationthat the Japanese were taking a beating when a PBY pilot reported three burningships. At 5:45 he reported, The three burning ships are Jap carriers. Thestricken vesselsAkagi, Kaga and Soryuwere the victims of SBD Dauntlessesfrom the American carriers Enterprise and Yorktown. At the same time out at sea,B-17s from Midway, along with six more Flying Fortresses from Hawaii, attackedthe Japanese carrier Hiryu, which had been damaged and set afire by dive bombersfrom Enterprise and Hornet. The B-17s claimed hitting the burning Hiryu, as wellas a cruiser and battleship, and sinking a destroyer. In fact, the land-basedbombers were no more successful in the afternoon than they had been in themorning. With all four of Nagumos carriers destroyed, Yamamoto decided he c ouldnot proceed with his plan to occupy Midway, and ordered his fleet to withdraw. Midways defenders, however, still expected the Japanese to invade. CaptainSimard dispersed his PBYs, evacuated nonessential personnel and warned his PT-boats to expect a night attack. At 1:20 a.m., the Japanese submarine I-168opened fire on Midway with its 5-inch deck gun. Batteries B and E on EasternIsland, along with Battery D on Sand Island, returned fire with their 3- and 5-inch guns, lobbing 42 shells at I-168, which lobbed eight shells back. The briefexchange resulted in no damage to either side. Most of I-168s shells fell inthe lagoon. The submarine submerged at 1:28, the Marine gunners ceased firingand Midway settled back into uneasy silence (Miracle 68). June 5, 1942, beganfor Midways defenders at 4:15 a.m., after Sand Islands radio picked up areport from the submarine USS Tambor of a large enemy force possibly withinstriking distance. The Midway garrison still had every reason to believe that aninvasion was imminent. Within 15 minutes, eight B-17s took off from EasternIslan d to counter the threat. The Army pilots could not locate the enemy shipsin the early morning fog, and by 6:00 a.m. the B-17s were circling nearby KureAtoll waiting for information. At 6:30, a Midway-based PBY reported, Sighted 2battleships bearing 256 degrees, distance 125 miles, course 268 degrees, speed15. Two minutes later the PBY added, Ships damaged, streaming oil. TheJapanese ships were retreating, and the islands defenders breathed a collectivesigh of relief. Marine Aircraft Group 22 sent up two flights from VMSB-241, sixDauntlesses under Captain Marshall A. Tyler and six Vindicators led by CaptainRichard E. Flemming, to attack the two battleships, actually the heavycruisers Mikuma and Mogami, damaged in a collision the night before. Forty-fiveminutes later, the Marine pilots spotted the oil slick left by the damagedcruisers and followed it to Mogami and Mikuma. Tyler led his six Dauntlessesinto an attack on Mogami amid heavy anti-aircraft fire. The Marines droppedtheir bomb s, scoring a few near-misses. At 8:40, minutes after Tylers attack,Flemming led his Vindicators out of the sun, through heavy flak from theJapanese ships, against Mikuma. Captain Leon M. Williamson, a pilot inFlemmings flight, saw Flemmings engine smoking during his dive. As Flemmingpulled out, his Vindicator burst into flames. Flemmingeither by accident ordesigncrashed his blazing Vindicator into Mikumas aft 8-inch gun turret. Thecrash started a fire that was sucked into the cruisers starboard engine roomair intakes, suffocating the engineers. After the Marines finished their attacks,the eight B-17s from Midway, led by Lt. Col. Brooke Allen, appeared and droppedtheir bombs, scoring a near-miss on Mogami. The damaged cruisers continuedlimping westward, and Mikuma sank at sunset the next day after attacks byaircraft from Enterprise and Hornet. At 10:45 on June 6, 1942, Captain Simarddispatched 26 B-17s from Midway in search of Japanese cruisers reported headingsouthwest. The bombers did not locate the cruisers, but six B-17s dropped theirbombs on what they thought was a Japanese ship. The pilots reported that theyhad hit a cruiser, which sunk in seconds. It was actually the submarine USSGrayling, which submerged when the Flying Fortresses dropped their bombs. WhileMidways bombers continued attacking the retreating Japanese, Simard had hisPBYs and PT-boats searching for downed pilots. Between June 4 and 9, MidwaysPBYs picked up 27 airmen. By June 7, it had become apparent that Midway wassecure. The islands garrison, for all the damage it had suffered, hadcontributed its fair share to the victory over the Japanese. This Battle hadended the Japanese offensive in the pacific ocean. Category: History