The Different Styles of Music in America free essay sample

America America is known for its diversity in many ways, including music. The melting pot that is the United States has been filled with many different cultures, religions, and ethnicities that have influenced music. Three very distinctive genres of music are jazz, country, and rap. Each has Its own style, beat, and feeling, and each of them has a very different origin. Rap, which Is also called hip-hop, originated In New York City In the sasss. Some of the original rappers in that period were Grandmaster Flash and Africa Bumboat. Hip-hops synthesized beat and rhythmically spoken lyrics are very unique to the style. When It was first created, It was mainly targeted and listened to by the African- American community, but today It has become more mainstream. Some contemporary rappers are Mine, Drake, and Jay-Z. Country music is often thought of as Americas music. It originated from the Western folk music and bluegrass of the sasss. We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Styles of Music in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It uses a variety of instruments such as banjos, guitars, violins, fiddles, harmonicas, and even jugs. Since the classics likeLoretta Lynn, Dolly Parrot, and Willie Nelson, country music has stayed consistent in popularity and has brought new stars such as Carrie underworld, Taylor Swift, and Blake Shelton. It has and will remain to be a strong, patriotic symbol of our country. Perhaps one of the most unique sounding styles of music is Jazz. It is an often improvised and random compilation of notes and sounds from all sorts of instruments. It started in New Orleans, the Home of Jazz, in the early twentieth century. The Jazz Age was a time when the classic Jazz musicians such as LouisArmstrong, Count Basis, Duke Elongating, and Glenn Miller emerged. Today, jazz music has remained a part of American culture and has continued through musicians like Wanton Marshals, Hereby Hancock, and Dave Bruce who have stayed akin to the traditional sounds of Jazz. The diversity of America has shown through its music In many ways. The three genres I have described each have Its own specific style, feeling, and background because each was influenced by the different cultures that have merged Into American society.As Billy Joel once said, It (music) Is an explosive expression of immunity. Its something we are all touched by. With all of Its diversity, this music perfectly represents America. By Guatemala jazz, country, and rap. Each has its own style, beat, and feeling, and each of them has Rap, which is also called hip-hop, originated in New York City in the sasss. Some style. When it was first created, it was mainly targeted and listened to by the African- American community, but today it has become more mainstream. Some as banjos, guitars, violins, fiddles, harmonicas, and even Jugs.Since the classics like popularity and has brought new stars such as Carrie Underworld, Taylor Swift, and Armstrong, Count Basis, Duke Elongating, and Glenn Miller emerged. Today, Jazz music The diversity of America has shown through its music in many ways. The three genres I have described each have its own specific style, feeling, and background because each was influenced by the different cultures that have merged into American society. As Billy Joel once said, It (music) is an explosive expression of humanity. Its something we are all touched by.

The Battle of Midway in the Pacific Essay Example For Students

The Battle of Midway in the Pacific Essay Nothing distinguished the dawn of June 2, 1942, from countless other dawns thathad fallen over tiny Midway atoll in the North Pacific. Nothing, that is, exceptthe tension, the electric tension of men waiting for an enemy to make his move. On Midways two main islands, Sand and Eastern, 3,632 United States Navy andMarine Corps personnel, along with a few Army Air Force aircrews, stood atbattle stations in and near their fighters, bombers, and seaplanes, waiting forthe Japanese attack they had been expecting for weeks. The carrier battle ofMidway, one of the decisive naval battles in history, is well documented. Butthe role played by the Midway garrison, which manned the naval air station onthe atoll during the battle, is not as well known. Midway lies 1,135 miles west-northwest of Pearl Harbor, Oahu. The entire atoll is barely six miles indiameter and consists of Sand and Eastern islands surrounded by a coral reefenclosing a shallow lagoon. Midway was discovered in 1859 and annexed by theUnited States in August 1867. Between 1903 and 1940, it served both as a cablestation on the Honolulu GuamManila underwater telegraph line and as an airportfor the Pan American Airways China Clipper (Miracle 5). In March 1940, after are port on U.S. Navy Pacific bases declared Midway second only to Pearl Harbor inimportance, construction of a formal naval air station began. Midway Naval AirStation was placed in commission in August 1941. By that time, Midwaysfacilities included a large seaplane hangar and ramps, artificial harbor, fuelstorage tanks and several buildings. Sand Island was populated by hundreds ofcivilian construction workers and a defense battalion of the Fleet Marine Force,while Eastern Island boasted a 5,300-foot airstrip. Commander Cyril T. Simard, aveteran naval pilot who had served as air officer on the carrier USS Langley andas executive officer at the San Diego Air Station, was designated the atollscommanding officer. Along with the naval personnel manning the air station was adetachment of Marines. The first detachment was from the Marine 3rd DefenseBattalion; it was relieved on September 11, 1941, by 34 officers and 750 menfrom the 6th Defense Battalion under the command of Lt. Col. Harold D . Shannon,a veteran of World War I and duty in Panama and Hawaii. Shannon and Simardmeshed into an effective team right away. World War II began for Midway at 6:30a.m. December 7, 1941, when the garrison received word of the Japanese attack onPearl Harbor. At 6:42 p.m., a Marine sentry sighted a flashing light out at seaand alerted the garrison. Three hours later, the Japanese destroyers Sazanamiand Ushio opened fire, damaging a seaplane hangar, knocking out the Pan Americandirection finder and destroying a consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat. TheJapanese retired at 10:00 p.m., leaving four Midway defenders dead and 10wounded. On December 23, 1941, Midways air defenses were reinforced with 17SB2U-3 Vought Vindicator dive bombers, 14 Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, andpilots and aircrews originally intended for the relief of Wake Island. TheBuffaloes and Vindicators were cast-off aircraft, having been replaced by theDouglas SBD-2 Dauntless dive bombers and Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat fi ghters on U.S. We will write a custom essay on The Battle of Midway in the Pacific specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now aircraft carriers. The Buffaloes became part of MarineFighter Squadron 221 (VMF-221), while the Vindicators were put into Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 241(VMSB-241), both making up Marine Air Group 22 (MAG-22) under Lt. Col. Ira B. Kimes. Midway settled into a routine of training and anti-submarine flights,with little else to do except play endless games of cards and cribbage, andwatch Midways famous albatrosses, nicknamed gooney birds, in action (Stevens56). Then, in May 1942, Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto, commander in chief of theJapanese Combined Fleet, came up with a plan, called Operation Mi, to draw outthe U.S. Pacific Fleet by attacking Midway. Using Midway as bait and gathering avast naval armada of eight aircraft carriers, 11 battleships, 23 cruisers, 65destroyers and several hundred fighters, bombers and torpedo planes, Yamamotoplanned to crush the Pacific Fleet once and for all. Alerted by his code-breakers that the Japanese planned to seize Midway, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,commander in chief, Pacific Command, flew to the atoll on May 2, 1942, to make apersonal inspection. Following his inspection, Nimitz took Simard and Shannonaside and asked them what they needed to defend Midway. They told him theirr equirements. If I get you all these things, can you hold Midway against amajor amphibious assault? Nimitz asked the two officers. Yes, sir! Shannonreplied. It was good enough for Nimitz, who returned to Oahu (Robertson 58). OnMay 20, Shannon and Simard received a letter from Admiral Nimitz, praising theirfine work and promoting them to captain and full colonel, respectively. ThenNimitz informed them that the Japanese were planning to attack Midway on May 28;he outlined the Japanese strategy and promised all possible aid. On May 22, asailor accidentally set off a demolition charge under Midways gasoline supply. The explosion destroyed 400,000 gallons of aviation fuel, and also damaged thedistribution system, forcing the defenders to refuel planes by hand from 55-gallon drums. All the while the Marines continued digging gun emplacements,laying sandbags and preparing shelters on both islands. Barbed wire sproutedalong Midways coral beaches. Shannon believed that it would stop the Japaneseas it had stopped the Germans in World War I. He ordered so much strung that oneMarine exclaimed: Barbed wire, barbed wire! Cripes, the old man thinks we canstop planes with barbed wire (Miracle 27)! The defenders also had a largesupply of blasting gelatin, which was used to make anti-boat mines and boobytraps. On May 25, while the work continued, Shannon and Simard got some goodnews. The Japanese attack would come between June 3 and 5, giving them anotherweek to prepare. That same day, the light cruiser St. Louis arrived, to deliveran eight-gun, 37mm anti-aircraft battery from the Marine 3rd Defense Battalio nand two rifle companies from the 2nd Raider Battalion. On May 26, the ferry USSKittyhawk arrived with 12 3-inch guns, 5 M-3 Stuart light tanks, 16 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers, and 7 Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters, along with 22pilotsmost of them fresh out of flight school, May 29 saw the arrival of fourMartin B-26 Marauder medium bombers from the 22nd Bomb Group. These planes werespecially rigged to carry torpedoes and led by Captain James Collins. That sameday, 12 Navy PBY-5A Catalinas joined the 12 PBY-5s stationed on Midway. Beginning on May 30, Midways planes began searching for the Japanese. Twenty-two PBYs from Lt. Cmdr. Robert Brixners Patrol Squadron 44 (VP-44) andCommander Massie Hughes VP-23 took off from Midway lagoon, then headed out inan arc stretching 700 miles from Midway in search of the Japanese. Midway gotfurther air reinforcement on June 1 when six new Grumman TBF torpedo bombers,commanded by Lieutenant Langdon K. Fieberling, arrived. None of the TBF pilotshad ever been in combat, and only a few had ever flown out of sight of landbefore. The TBF would later be named Avenger in honor of its combat introductionat Midway. By June 1, both Sand and Eastern islands were ringed with coastaldefenses. Six 5-inch guns, 22 3-inch guns and four old Navy 7-inch guns wereplaced along the coasts of both islands for use as anti-aircraft and anti-boatguns. As many as 1,500 mines and booby traps were laid underwater and along thebeaches. Ammunition dumps were placed all around the islands, along with cache sof food for pockets of resistance and an emergency supply of 250 55-gallongasoline drums. Midway had practically everything it needed for its defense. Along with the 121 aircraft crowding Eastern Islands runways, Midway had 11 PT-boats in the lagoon to assist the ground forces with anti-aircraft fire. A yachtand four converted tuna boats stood by for rescue operations, and 19 submarinesguarded Midways approaches. Even with those preparations, there were problems. The air stations radar, an old SC-270 set installed on Sand Island, showed manyblips that were more often albatrosses than aircraft. Also, there was no planfor coordinating Midways air operations, which were dependent on a mixture ofArmy Air Force, Navy and Marine pilots and crews. With that in mind, Midwayscommanders believed their only chance was to attack the Japanese carriers whenthey were located, in the hope of catching them with their planes on deck. Thismeant exquisitely precise timing, a monumental dose of luck, or both, AdmiralNimitz explained. Balsas Midways air force must be employed to inflictprompt and early damage to Jap carrier flight decks if recurring attacks are tobe stopped. By June 2, the Pacific Fleets three aircraft carriersEnterprise, Hornet and Yorktownwere in position northeast of Midway, but onlya few key officers were aware that Midways defenders would be supported by them. Midways Navy pilots were told not to expect any help from the U.S. carriers;theyre off defending Hawaii. Midways only chance was for Nimitzs carriers totake the Japanese by surprise. Early on the morning of June 3, the PBYs of VP-44and VP-23 took off on their 700-mile search missions, joined by B-17 FlyingFortresses on their own search and attack missions. The remaining aircraft onMidway were armed, fueled and waiting for orders to take to the air once theJapanese carriers were located. At 9:04 a.m., Ensign Charles R. Eaton,patrolling 470 miles from Midway, sighted three ships and got a burst of anti-aircraft fire for his trouble. Eaton quickly radioed Midway with the first enemyship contact report of the battle. Seven hundred miles west of Midway, EnsignJack Reid flew his PBY-5A across a largely empty ocean, nearing the end of theoutward leg of his patrol. He found nothing of interest and started to turn back. .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .postImageUrl , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:hover , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:visited , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:active { border:0!important; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:active , .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122 .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91016870431aa1f4d09117ebd5f11122:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: After Reconstruction EssayJust as he did, Reid saw some specks on the horizon 30 miles ahead. At first hethought they were dirt spots on the windshield. Then he looked again and shoutedto his co-pilot, Ensign Gerald Hardeman, Do you see what I see? Youre damnedright I do, Hardeman replied (Miracle 49). At 9:25 a.m., Reid radioed, Sightedmain body, to Midway and began tracking the Japanese ships. Midway ordered Reidto amplify his report, and at 9:27 he radioed, Bearing 262 degrees, distance700. At 10:40 he reported, Six large ships in column At 11 a.m., Elevenships, course 090 degrees, speed 19. At 11:30, Reid was ordered to return toMidway (Stevens 96). At 12:30, a flight of nine B-17 bombers, each armed withfour 600-pound bombs and led by Lt. Col. Walter C. Sweeney, took off (Lucas 28). Three-and-a-half hours later, the B-17s found the Japanese ships 570 miles fromMidway and attacked from out of the sun. Sweeney reported seeing two shipsburning after the strike. In reality, Sweeneys B-17s scored no hits on theJapanese ships, and the return flight to Midway proved every bit as harrowing asthe attack itself. With their fuel almost exhausted, the B-17s came within sightof Eastern Island at 8:30 p.m. The last Flying Fortress landed at 9:45 p.m. While Sweeneys B-17s returned from their attack, another strike of four PBYCatalinas, each armed with a torpedo and led by Lieutenant W.L. Richards, leftMidway at 9:15 p.m. to attack the Japanese. All four PBYs returned safely,claiming three torpedo hits. One torpedo hit the bow of the tanker Akebono Maru,killing 13 sailors and wounding 11; the transport Kiosumi Maru lost a fewcrewmen to strafing. June 4 began for Midways defenders at 3:00 a.m. withreveille. All gun positions on both islands were manned as pilots and aircrewsstood by their planes. At 4:00 a.m., six F4F Wildcats from Major Floyd B. RedParks VMF-221 took off on combat air patrol. They were followed by 11 PBYs fromVP-44, searching for the Japanese carriers, and 16 B-17s led by Sweeney thatwere to attempt another attack on the Japanese transports. At 4:30 a.m., thecarriers of Vice Adm. Chuichi Nagumos First Striking ForceAkagi, Kaga, Hiryuand Soryulaunched their aircraft. Fifteen minutes later, 36 Nakajima B5N2 Katetorpe do bombers, 36 Aichi D3A1 Val dive bombers and 36 Mitsubishi A6M2 Zerofighters were on their way to Midway. At 5:30, Lieutenant Howard P. Ady emergedfrom a cloud bank and spotted Nagumos carriers. Ady radioed Midway, Carrierbearing 320 degrees, distance 180. Ady ducked back into the clouds and circledthe Japanese fleet, radioing again, 0553, Two carriers and main body of ships,carriers in front, course 135 degrees, speed 34. Fifteen minutes after Adyssighting, Lt. j.g. William Chase, flying south of Adys sector, saw a formationof Japanese fighters and bombers. Chase quickly radioed: Many enemy planesheading Midway bearing 320 degrees, distance 150. On Midway, radar on SandIsland picked up the approaching Japanese planes at 5:53. Air raid sirens wailed,and all personnel raced to their dugouts and gun positions. Major Parks 21Buffaloes and six Wildcats scrambled into the air, followed by LieutenantFieberlings six TBFs and Captain Collins four B-26s. Major Hendersons divebombers were l ast to take off. By 6:16, all 66 of Midways aircraft wereairborne. While the bombers headed toward the Japanese carriers, Parks led sixBuffaloes and three Wildcats to intercept the 108 oncoming Japanese planes. Captain John Carey, leading the three Wildcats in Parks flight, was first tosight the Japanese. Tallyho! Hawks at angels twelve! Carey radioed. TheJapanese bombers flew in a large V formation, trailed by gaggles of Zeros. Careyrolled his Wildcat and screamed into the V, blowing a Kate apart with hisfour.50-caliber machine guns, then zoomed up for another attack. Japanese reargunners raked his Wildcat, riddling Careys legs. Second Lieutenant Clayton M. Canfield followed Carey into his attack, destroying a Kate. Canfield saw Zerosdiving on him. A 20mm cannon shell damaged his Wildcat, and he pulled up intothe clouds and lost his pursuers. Coming out of the clouds, Canfield joinedCarey and led him back to Midway. Captain Marion E. Carl, flying the thirdWildcat, was jumped by several Zeros after attacking the Kates and was forced tobreak off his attack. While the Wildcats fought for their lives, Parks led hissix Buffaloes in an attack on the Kates. The Marines managed one pass beforethey were overwhelmed by the Zeros. Parks and four other Marines were killed. Only Lieutenant Daniel J. Irwin survived. He managed to fly his damaged Buffaloback to Midway with Zeros after him all the way. Their gunnery was very good,Irwin reported, and I doubt if on any run they missed hitting my plane. VMF-221s 12 reserve fighters, led by Captains Daniel J. Hennessy and Kirk Armstead,also attacked the Japanese planes (Lucas 104). Hennessys six Buffaloes smashedinto the bombers and were jumped by the escorting Zeros, which destroyed four ofthem. Only two of Hennessys men survived. Armsteads Buffaloes intercepted theJapanese a few miles from Midway and downed three Kates before the rampagingZeros destroyed three of them. Observing the dogfight from the ground,Lieutenant Charles Hughes said that the Buffaloes looked like they were tied toa string while the Zeros made passes at them. The Japanese pushed relentlesslytoward Midway. To Marine Pfc Phillip Clark at D Battery on Sand Island, theJapanese formations looked like three wisps of clouds far out on the horiz on.On Sand and Eastern, the Marines and sailors waited for the attack. An observermarveled at the very calmlackadaisical air with which the defenders waitedfor the strike, as though they had been living through this sort of thing alltheir lives(Stevens 98). Open fire when targets are in range, 6th Battalionheadquarters notified all guns at 6:30 a.m. One minute later, Midways gunsopened fire. A Kate erupted into flames and dove straight down. A second Katecrashed into the lagoon, missing the PT-boats. The remaining Kates struck SandIsland, destroying three oil tanks and setting fire to a seaplane hangar. Theattack on Eastern Island began with an unforgettable incident. Suddenly theleading Jap plane peeled off, an eyewitness wrote. He dove down about 100 feetfrom the ground, turned over on his back and proceeded leisurely flying upsidedown over the ramp. The Marines watched for a few seconds, then opened fire andshot him down. Val dive bombers struck VMF-221s arming pit, killing fourm echanics and exploding eight 100-pound bombs and 10,000 rounds of .50-calibermachine-gun ammunition. Another Val demolished Easterns powerhouse, disruptingMidways electricity and water distillation plant. Japanese efforts to renderEasterns runways useless were unsuccessful; only two small craters were left onthe landing strips. Midways defenders fought back with everything they had. Major Dorn E. Arnold of the 6th Defense Battalion fired a Browning AutomaticRifle at the enemy; a sailor on Sand Island used a Colt .45. Second LieutenantElmer Thompson and another Marine fired a .30-caliber machine gun from acrippled SB2U. The Japanese attack ended at 6:48 a.m. The all-clear sounded onMidway at 7:15, and the process of picking up the pieces began. Kimes orderedVMF-221s fighters to land. Six Buffaloes staggered in. Including four aircraftthat landed during the raid, only 20 U.S. fighters had survived. Of those, onlyone Wildcat and a single Buffalo were fit to fly. Fifteen Buffaloes and twoWildcats were shot down, and 13 pilots were killed. Eleven Japanese aircraftwere downed by the fighters and anti-aircraft fire, while 53 were damaged. Colonel Shannons trenches, bunkers and revetments proved effective. Only 11 ofMidways ground defenders were killed and 18 wounded. None of Midways planeswere caught on the ground except for an old utility biplane and a decoy planemade of crates and tin roofing called the JFU (Jap fouler-upper)(Robertson 15). While Midway repaired its damage and its defenders licked their wounds, theaircraft that were sent out to attack the Japanese carriers made contact. Lieutenant Langdon Fieberlings six TBFs reached the Japanese fleet at 7:10,dropped to low altitude and bore on toward the carriers. So many Zeros swarmedaround the vulnerable torpedo planes that the fighters got in each others way. Two TBFs were destroyed in the first attack, followed by three more. Realizingthat he could not reach the carriers, Ensign Albert K. Earnest loosed historpedo at a cruiser, then broke away with two Zeros after him. Earnest flew hisshot-up TBF back to Midway, navigating by guess and by God. Close behind theTBFs, Captain James Collins led his four B-26 Marauders into a gauntlet of anti-aircraft fire and six Zeros. Collins led his planes down to 200 feet above thewater and, followed by Lieutenant James P. Muri, pressed on toward the carrierAkagi. Collins released his torpedo 850 yards from the carrier and pulled away. .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .postImageUrl , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:hover , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:visited , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:active { border:0!important; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:active , .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud8616b8c5345fafa7c6bdf5f1d16a5ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism EssayMuri released his torpedo at 450 yards, then turned and flew down the middle ofAkagis flight deck. Once Muris B-26 was clear of Akagi, the Zeros attackedwith a vengeance, wounding two crewmen and riddling the landing gear, fuel tanks,propeller blades, radio and the top of one wing. Despite that punishment, Muriand Collins were the only survivors of the four-plane B-26 group. Then, at 7:48,the TBF and B-26 attacks were followed by VMSB-241s 16 Dauntless and Vindicatordive bombers led by Major Lofton Henderson. Henderson had divided the squadroninto two flights, leading the SBDs himself while Major Benjamin W. Norris ledthe Vindicators. As Henderson led the squad ron northwest, the faster Dauntlessessoon left the Vindicators behind. Hendersons SBDs got their first look at theJapanese carriers at 7:25, and he radioed his Dauntless pilots, Attack the twoenemy CV on the port bow. Henderson had led his squadron down to 4,000 feetwhen the Japanese combat air patrol attacked. The Dauntlesses also met withheavy anti-aircraft fire from the Japanese ships. Hendersons plane was hit, andhis port wing caught fire. He tried to keep his burning Dauntless in the lead,but finally lost control and plunged into the sea. Captain Elmer C. Gliddenquickly took command of the Dauntlesses. Fighter attacks were heavy, he wrote,so I led the squadron down through a protecting layer of clouds(Stevens 102). The Zeros followed the Marines into the clouds. Glidden came out of the cloudsand found two Japanese carriers, Kaga and Hiryu, 2,000 feet below. The 10remaining Dauntlesses dived to 500 feet or lower before releasing their bombs,then sped away at full throttle, hounded by Zeros. Three SBDs crashed at seanear Midway. Their crews were later rescued. The remaining six, some badly shotup, reached Midway. Eight SBDs, including Hendersons, were lost, with theJapanese sustaining no damage. Sweeneys 15 Flying Fortresses arrived overNagumos fleet at 8:10, as the Dauntlesses finished their attacks. Seen from20,000 feet, the Japanese fleet was an astonishing sight, recalled B-17 pilotDon Kundinger. A panoramic view of the greatest array of surface vessels any ofus had ever seenthey seemed to stretch endlessly from horizon to horizon.Each three-plane B-17 element attacked on its own. Lieutenant Colonel BrookeAllens element unloaded its bombs on the carrier Soryu, but all fell short. Sweeney targeted Kaga, bracketing her stern with, he believed, one bomb hitcausing heavy smoke (Robertson 22). Three Zeros ganged up on Captain CecilFaulkeners bomber, riddling its fuselage and wounding the tail gunner. AnotherZero dueled with Captain Paul Paynes Fortress but never closed in. The Zerosbarely touched the B-17s, Captain Paul Gregory reported. Enemy pursuitappeared to have no desire to close on B-17E modified(Young 25). The B-17sfinished their attack by 8:20 and returned to Midway. Sweeney believed his B-17shad hit at least one of the Japanese carriers. In reality, they had not. Shortlyafter the B-17s left, Major Benjamin Norris 11 Vindicators arrived and Zerosswarmed over them(Miracle 45). Norris, with no illusions about his oldVibrators, decided not to press on toward the carriers. He led his men intosome clouds. Coming out of the cloud cover, Norris discovered a battleship below. It was Haruna, supposedly sunk in December 1941. Attack target below, Norrisradioed, and he led the Vindicators into a high-speed glide. Anti-aircraft gunson Haruna opened fire with an extremely heavy and troublesome but inaccuratebarrage(Stevens 121). Only two of Major Norris Vindicators were lost duringthe attack. Three ditched at sea near Midway because of battle damage. Despitereports that they had scored two direct hits and three near-misses, theVindicator pilots had not even scratched Haruna. If the Battle of Midway hadended with the return of VMSB-241s Vindicators, it would have been anothervictory for the Japanese. Midway had sent 52 aircraft against the Japanese andlost 19 without scoring a single hit. From the time of the attack and the knownposition of the enemy carriers, we estimated they would be back in three or fourhours, Kimes wrote (Stevens 54). Only six Dauntlesses, seven Vindicators, oneBuffalo and a single Wildcat were left to oppose the Japanese. The defenders of Midway steadied themselves for another air raid. Nothing happened. The onlyaircraft to show up were 11 Dauntlesses from the carrier Hornet at 11:00 a.m. Some Marine gunners, believing they were Japanese planes, opened fire on theSBDs before recognizing their silhouettes. The Dauntlesses were refueled andback in the air by 2:00 p.m. At 3:58, Midways defenders received an indicationthat the Japanese were taking a beating when a PBY pilot reported three burningships. At 5:45 he reported, The three burning ships are Jap carriers. Thestricken vesselsAkagi, Kaga and Soryuwere the victims of SBD Dauntlessesfrom the American carriers Enterprise and Yorktown. At the same time out at sea,B-17s from Midway, along with six more Flying Fortresses from Hawaii, attackedthe Japanese carrier Hiryu, which had been damaged and set afire by dive bombersfrom Enterprise and Hornet. The B-17s claimed hitting the burning Hiryu, as wellas a cruiser and battleship, and sinking a destroyer. In fact, the land-basedbombers were no more successful in the afternoon than they had been in themorning. With all four of Nagumos carriers destroyed, Yamamoto decided he c ouldnot proceed with his plan to occupy Midway, and ordered his fleet to withdraw. Midways defenders, however, still expected the Japanese to invade. CaptainSimard dispersed his PBYs, evacuated nonessential personnel and warned his PT-boats to expect a night attack. At 1:20 a.m., the Japanese submarine I-168opened fire on Midway with its 5-inch deck gun. Batteries B and E on EasternIsland, along with Battery D on Sand Island, returned fire with their 3- and 5-inch guns, lobbing 42 shells at I-168, which lobbed eight shells back. The briefexchange resulted in no damage to either side. Most of I-168s shells fell inthe lagoon. The submarine submerged at 1:28, the Marine gunners ceased firingand Midway settled back into uneasy silence (Miracle 68). June 5, 1942, beganfor Midways defenders at 4:15 a.m., after Sand Islands radio picked up areport from the submarine USS Tambor of a large enemy force possibly withinstriking distance. The Midway garrison still had every reason to believe that aninvasion was imminent. Within 15 minutes, eight B-17s took off from EasternIslan d to counter the threat. The Army pilots could not locate the enemy shipsin the early morning fog, and by 6:00 a.m. the B-17s were circling nearby KureAtoll waiting for information. At 6:30, a Midway-based PBY reported, Sighted 2battleships bearing 256 degrees, distance 125 miles, course 268 degrees, speed15. Two minutes later the PBY added, Ships damaged, streaming oil. TheJapanese ships were retreating, and the islands defenders breathed a collectivesigh of relief. Marine Aircraft Group 22 sent up two flights from VMSB-241, sixDauntlesses under Captain Marshall A. Tyler and six Vindicators led by CaptainRichard E. Flemming, to attack the two battleships, actually the heavycruisers Mikuma and Mogami, damaged in a collision the night before. Forty-fiveminutes later, the Marine pilots spotted the oil slick left by the damagedcruisers and followed it to Mogami and Mikuma. Tyler led his six Dauntlessesinto an attack on Mogami amid heavy anti-aircraft fire. The Marines droppedtheir bomb s, scoring a few near-misses. At 8:40, minutes after Tylers attack,Flemming led his Vindicators out of the sun, through heavy flak from theJapanese ships, against Mikuma. Captain Leon M. Williamson, a pilot inFlemmings flight, saw Flemmings engine smoking during his dive. As Flemmingpulled out, his Vindicator burst into flames. Flemmingeither by accident ordesigncrashed his blazing Vindicator into Mikumas aft 8-inch gun turret. Thecrash started a fire that was sucked into the cruisers starboard engine roomair intakes, suffocating the engineers. After the Marines finished their attacks,the eight B-17s from Midway, led by Lt. Col. Brooke Allen, appeared and droppedtheir bombs, scoring a near-miss on Mogami. The damaged cruisers continuedlimping westward, and Mikuma sank at sunset the next day after attacks byaircraft from Enterprise and Hornet. At 10:45 on June 6, 1942, Captain Simarddispatched 26 B-17s from Midway in search of Japanese cruisers reported headingsouthwest. The bombers did not locate the cruisers, but six B-17s dropped theirbombs on what they thought was a Japanese ship. The pilots reported that theyhad hit a cruiser, which sunk in seconds. It was actually the submarine USSGrayling, which submerged when the Flying Fortresses dropped their bombs. WhileMidways bombers continued attacking the retreating Japanese, Simard had hisPBYs and PT-boats searching for downed pilots. Between June 4 and 9, MidwaysPBYs picked up 27 airmen. By June 7, it had become apparent that Midway wassecure. The islands garrison, for all the damage it had suffered, hadcontributed its fair share to the victory over the Japanese. This Battle hadended the Japanese offensive in the pacific ocean. Category: History

Russian and European Trade Unions free essay sample

A history of the differences between the two. The paper looks at pre-trade union working conditions in factories and elsewhere and describes how the workers in the west realized that they were an essential part of the system and thus gained power. It looks at the rising figures for strikes as time progressed and in which countries they were most prevalent. The last segment describes the rather different appearance of the Russian trade unions, from the end of serfdom to Bolshevism and Communism. From the paper; It is no accident that the power of trade unions has diminished over the past several generations so that now for most Americans it is difficult to imagine the political, cultural and social power that they once had. But unions were once a major force in the age of industrialization, and it is only because we are living at the end of that age of industrialization that we see trade unions in their current weakened condition. We will write a custom essay sample on Russian and European Trade Unions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper examines unions when they were moving toward the height of their powers in the first decades of the last century. Although there were (and are) certain commonalities amongst all unions, there were also important differences among the unions both because of the trade that was being represented and the country in which the union was organized.

Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines

Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines Introduction Management is the process where activities are coordinated in a business to meet an organization’s goals and objectives. In the changing world with competition, there is need to adopt policies and strategies that facilitate efficiency and effectiveness in all processes. Total quality management is a management tool which aims at ensuring that all processes in a business contribute positively to the overall conduct of the business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TQM has both hard and soft parts. Soft parts consider the contribution of employees and the relations that they have with their employer. On the other hand, hard policies are more focused on physical assets which are used for production of goods and services (Paley 19). This paper will compare and contrast TQM policies a dopted by Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines. Brief history of the Two Companies Both Toyota and Emirates Airlines are more or less in the same industry; transport industry. Emirates Airline is an international airline company that is spreading to various countries. Currently, it has over 100 destinations. It is the major airline in Middle East and the national airline for Dubai, Unites Arabs emirates. It is a sub-subsidiary of Dubai Investment Company, through The Emirates Group. The company was incorporated in the year 1985 as an international flight company and made the first flight to Dubai-Karachi on 25 October 1985. It was incorporated with the assistance of the government of Dubais royal family but the intervention of the government was limited. Toyota is a multinational company found in Japan and it is the leading automobile car makers and seller in the world. It was incorporated in 1937; its founder is Kiichiro Toyoda. According to fortune global survey 500 of 2008, it was the fifth largest company in the world. The company is structured in a no extra ordinary way and has departments like any other multinationals in the world; however the achievement of the company has made it different in performance a thing that proves that something extra happens. In 2008, it was able to surpass General motor company as the world largest automobile seller in the world. What has made the company go this far? The answer is in the quality of its management and the interaction of brand as well the loyalty that it derives from its customers. The number of employees in the company stands at 320,590 distributed in different parts of the world (Black 20).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hard T.Q.M. Emirate Airlines operate in a fast changing air line industry where there has been an increased competition. One of the most recent is low c ost services. On the other hard, due to globalization, there has been an influx of international airline companies fighting for the same market. In the efforts of ensuring that the company has remained competitive, it has embarked on massive capital investments. By the year 1987, the company had expanded its destinations to reach eleven in total. It is one of the few start ups that recorded a break even at the first year of service. The earlier airline that operated in the area was Gulf airline; the airline was affected by the Gulf war and Emirate airline so enjoyed the benefit of all this. Being in the plane industry, the company has increased its number of planes and the sizes of the planes; those planes that carry passengers have been refurbished and made to look more modern. In the efforts of surviving low cost competition, the company has made large planes which are used to ferry a large portion of people; this helps in enjoying economies of scale and thus the company can opera te as a low cost. The company has embarked on massive research to ensure that it knows the expectations of its customers and align its service to the needs. It is opening up virgin areas with its operations and collaborations with airlines of other nations. Toyota Company has embarked on resource development especially in technology development. The technology has ensured that the company produces goods which are sensitive to the need of modern motor industry. The company produces one of the most efficient automobiles. The vehicles are also comfortable to compete with companies like Mercedes, BMW, and Fords among others. In the various countries, it has embarked on making warehouses and garages which handle their products in a professional manner (Hino 12). Soft TQMs Soft policies consider human resources of a company. It aims at empowering them conduct their business with efficiency and become more productive. Emirates Airlines has been increasing its employee base. It ensures that it trains its employees to make their services better. This is on current trends in business world and the changes that the industry is going through.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Comparing a TQM Implementation in Toyota Motor Company and Emirates Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the fiscal year that ended on March 2010, the company had employed a total of 36,652 employees all over the continent. The performance of the company has been on a gradual increase; in the year 2009/ 2010, the passengers that used the online were 27.4 million, up from 22.7 million reported in 2008–09, the load cargo in the same period increased by 12.2% to 1,580,000 tons up from 2008–09: 1,408,000 tons. Toyota Company has embarked on international fetching of employees. It employs from all over the world and maintains the team through appropriate appraisal and reward system. Graduates are integrated into the system by a graduate trainee procedure. This is where graduates undergo two year training in Toyota College before they are integrated in the system. When they get into the system, they continue with further on job training and only given targets after the trainers are aware that they can perform effectively. In making decisions, the company engages all staffs. This is where they give their field experiences and recommendations on varying issues (OConnor 44-56). Conclusion Total quality management (TQM) consists of competitive moves and business approaches aimed at producing successful performance; it is management’s â€Å"game plan† for running the business, strengthening a firm’s competitive position, satisfying the customers, the stakeholders, share holders, and the staffs. It seeks to develop the way into which all those that are a party to the business get satisfied. It aims at going a step further and satisfying the customers beyond their expectat ions. There is a lot of focus on the customer; the customer is the greatest asset that an organization can have. To get customers’ loyalty is every business dream and target. Comparing the Toyota and Emirates strategies, it is clear that both of them have adopted a TQM system which is acting to their advantage. They are both enjoying benefits brought about by TQM, which include efficiency in their processes, increased customer satisfaction, competitiveness, and customer satisfaction. Black, Richard. Organizational. Boston: Universal publishers, 2003.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hino, Satoshi. Inside the mind of Toyota: management principles for enduring growth. Tokyo: Productivity Press, 2006. OConnor, Patrick. Total Quality Management (Book). Quality Reliability Engineering International [serial online]. April 1989; 5(2):183. Paley, Norton. The managers guide to competitive marketing strategies. London: CRC Press. 1999

Risk-managemnt policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk-managemnt policy - Case Study Example Another breach that the organization endured during the course of its operations was an inside job where personal data was stolen. This was achieved through the weak access-control policies that are utilized within the organization which allowed unauthorized individual access to valuable data (Case Study). This paper dwells on ascertaining whether the policy implemented will be effective in ensuring that the customer and organization’s information is adequately secured from future security breaches. This policy will be important because it will help in restoring the customers confidence in the organization’s handling of their confidential data and financial assets. It is also vital since it provides authority and accountability to specific people concerning the authority of disclosing or sharing the information in the organization. According to Calder, Watkins & Watkins, the organizations governing body has to give powers along with the necessary authority to a system administrator who will be the only person who can access the organization’s data. The security on the organization’s customer’s confidential information will be enforced through the use of passwords which will remain known only to their systems administrator (2010). In addition, the systems administrator within the organization will be solely responsible for disclosing any information to any authorized personnel who may require it. To enhance the data’s security further, the syst em administrator will be required to utilize several data encryption techniques. This will include encryption techniques like the creation of block ciphers, feistel cipher structures and the utilization of other advanced encryption standards. These techniques will help in ensuring that unauthorized people within the organization cannot interpret the meaning of the data. This will further prevent them from

State and defend the deductive argument that God is required for the Essay

State and defend the deductive argument that God is required for the existence of objective moral laws - Essay Example The first premise is that if objective moral law standards exist, they point to the existence of a God. Here, it is assumed that all laws have a lawmaker, and since the laws are objective, then they must be made by a person who is not human. By definition, objectivity requires autonomy from human interferences (Reppert 34). The second premise is that objective moral standards exist, which means that regardless of preference or convention, some things are always right or wrong; a typical example is killing someone for no reason. Truths are self evident, and one is justified if it reasonable to believe in it; in this regard, if a person sees a red object, then they can assume that it is colored. The third premise comes from the first two premises and thus concludes that because of the above, a God exists. Some people respond to the first premise that draws associations between God and moral standards. These opponents state that sometimes laws can exist without a lawmaker. A case in point is Platonic realism in which it is explained that abstract objects exist outside of time and space; these objects stay constant and have no cause. Examples of such abstract objects include laws of mathematics and logic; number 3 exists independently of one’s thought, while laws of morality like fairness and justice are abstract. Therefore, platonic realism illustrates that since morality laws are brute facts (have no explanation), then there is no need for a lawmaker. A response to the second premise is that objective moral laws do not exist as postulated in moral nihilism, moral subjectivism and cultural relativism. Moral nihilists say that moral realities are absent as truth does not exist in ethics. Moral subjectivists claim that actions depend on the one holding them rather than some objective standard. Cultural relativists say that moral laws depend on the societies to which

Market and Bank Financial Lending Systems Essay

Market and Bank Financial Lending Systems - Essay Example Banks, however, may no longer be the most reliable and best way to go about getting these loans though. Credit unions and privately held financial groups are beginning to make a huge emergence. We will analyze why this is happening and the differences between the lending structure of banks and private groups. Issues dealing with private reputation to company advertising, as well as government regulations on loaning will also be touched upon. A lot has changed and a new wave of economic development is slowly building up. Before we can begin to fully analyze the differences between the two economic structures, we must begin to learn a bit of history between the two methods. Banks have been one of the most popular methods of savings and lines of credit. Although, all of this has changed slightly since the Great Depression. During the Great Depression was one of the best examples of a bank run. A bank run is when people hear that a certain bank or institution is going to fail and all immediately head towards the bank or institution to withdraw all of their assets as quickly as possible. Of course, this created huge problems and created a time of economic disparity. However, since then, many regulations and organizations have been developed to prevent this from happening once again. The FDIC currently has the assets to insure any account within nearly any qualifying bank account up to the first $100,000. In this way, if something were to happen, the government would simply match the person's lost assets up to the first $100,000. This has helped to rebuild the trust between the common man and the banking system. But this is only the checking and savings side of the story. A lot of faith has been lost and for good reason in the banking system for credit. Even application processes have become long, tedious, and often uneventful when trying to receive a loan from a bank. And if you fail to receive a loan, it is marked against your credit score, which makes it more difficult in the future to attempt to get a loan. Government regulations are rather relaxed on the banks for their credit loaning. However, banks generally dislike entering into any high risk or highly volatile loan agreements. As such, it has become increasingly difficult for businesses and regular people to receive loans from banks 1. Processes must be backed by the banks assets, and although many banks have a large amount of assets, many just cannot compete with the assets of some large corporation who hold private financing groups. Not to mention that banks benefit less from issuing loans out to people and businesses. Sure they can extract a high interest rate and make a lot of money, but it one of the primary methods for a bank to earn its money, so it doesn't help any other factors other than to solely improve the cash-flow of a bank. There are several benefits for private firms to issue loans out to people though. Another problem with banks in recent years have been banks knowledge of how weak people have become to their regulations. Your credit score can now rule who you are, and people will do anything it takes to maintain this. In consequence to this, however, many banks have begun methods of "predatory loaning" where they offer an initial interest rate and set amount which must be